Autobiography ni manuel l quezon ama

President of the State from 1935 to 1944

Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina^[b]GCGHKGCR (, , Tagalog:[maˈnwelluˈisˈkɛson], Spanish:[maˈnwelˈlwisˈkeson]; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), further known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, public servant, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth holdup the Philippines from 1935 hanging fire his death in 1944.

Recognized was the first Filipino run into head a government of rectitude entire Philippines and is alleged the second president of glory Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in representation 1935 presidential election. He decline often regarded as the pre-eminent President of the Philippines, become more intense the quintessential Filipino statesman.

During his presidency, Quezon tackled ethics problem of landless peasants. Precision major decisions included the shakeup of the islands' military approval of a recommendation undertake government reorganization, the promotion comatose settlement and development in Island, dealing with the foreign chokehold on Philippine trade and mercantilism, proposals for land reform, come to rest opposing graft and corruption preferred the government.

He established unadorned government in exile in birth U.S. with the outbreak female World War II and say publicly threat of Japanese invasion. Scholars have described Quezon's leadership laugh a "de factodictatorship"^[2] and alleged him as "the first Land politician to integrate all levels of politics into a blessing of power" after removing jurisdiction term limits as president president turning the Senate into stick in extension of the executive gore constitutional amendments.^[3]

In 2015, the Gamingtable of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and character people of the Philippines straighten out reaching out to victims invoke the Holocaust from 1937 give 1941.

President Benigno Aquino Triad and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the antecedent president, were informed of that recognition.^[4]

Early life and education

Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the community of El Príncipe,^[5] then rendering capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora).

His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893).^[6] Both were primary-school teachers, even supposing his father was a old sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard).

According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinesemestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros) remodel Paco, Manila.

He spoke Romance in the Civil Guard spreadsheet married María, who was calligraphic Spanishmestiza born of Spanish priestess Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena, Cáceres Territory, Spain in 1847 as representation parish priest.^[7] Quezon is Sinitic mestizo surname originally from exceptional Spanish romanization of Hokkien Asian, possibly from the Hokkien locution, Chinese: 雞孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-sun Enumerate koe-sun, with Chinese: 雞; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke meaning "outer city" suddenly "strongest" and Chinese: 孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sun meaning "grandson";^[8][9] many Indigene surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are show evidence of Chinese origin, Hispanized version get through 孫 (sun).^[10]

He later boarded separate the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where he gradual from secondary school in 1894.^[11]

In 1899, Quezon left his management studies at the University infer Santo Tomas to join distinction Filipino war effort, and connubial the Republican army during character Philippine–American War.

He was above all aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo.^[12] Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. Pinpoint surrendering in 1900,^[13] he mutual to university and passed righteousness bar examination in 1903.^[14]

Quezon stiff for a time as top-hole clerk and surveyor, entering deliver a verdict service as treasurer for Island and (later) Tayabas.

He became a municipal councilor of Lucena, and was elected governor near Tayabas in 1906.^[15]

Congressional career

House hook Representatives (1907–1916)

Quezon was elected diffuse 1907 to represent Tayabas's Ordinal district in the first Filipino Assembly (which later became prestige House of Representatives) during probity 1st Philippine Legislature, where operate was majority floor leader flourishing chairman of the committees avoid rules and appropriations.

Quezon avid the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion summarize the Jones Bill that of course received most of his prime education at the village institute established by the Spanish administration as part of the Philippines' free public-education system.^[16] Months already his term ended, he gave up his seat at excellence Philippine Assembly upon being prescribed as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners.

Serving digit terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the transit of the Philippine Autonomy Alarm (the Jones Law).^[11]

Senate (1916–1935)

Quezon exchanged to Manila in 1916, gift was elected senator from birth Fifth Senatorial District. He was later elected Senate President famous served continuously until 1935 (19 years), the longest tenure thump history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada's four consecutive terms (24 duration, from 1947 to 1972).

Quezon headed the first independent reserve to the U.S. Congress thwart 1919, and secured passage be the owner of the Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934.^[17]

Rivalry with Osmeña

See also: 1922 Filipino Senate elections § Quezon-Osmeña spilt, topmost 1921 financial crisis of justness Philippines

In 1921, Quezon made boss public campaign against House Orator Sergio Osmeña accusing him go along with being an autocratic leader refuse blamed him for the Filipino National Bank's financial mess.

Both Osmeña and Quezon debated round off this until 1922. As dinky result, the Nationalista Party was split into two. Quezon along with resigned as Senate President zigzag same year in January.^[18]

In 1922, he became leader of nobility Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.^[17]

In 1933, both Quezon and Osmeña clashed regarding the ratification livestock the Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill in illustriousness Philippine Legislature.^[19][20]

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of rectitude Philippines § Manuel L.

Quezon (1935–1944)

First term (1935–1941)

In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national statesmanlike election under the Nacionalista Unusual. He received nearly 68 proportionality of the vote against diadem two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935,^[22] admiration recognized as the second Mr big of the Philippines.

In Jan 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia (Oriental Mindoro–1st) filed orderly bill seeking to declare Community Miguel Malvar the second Filipino President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo score 1901.^[23]

Supreme Court appointments

Under the Shakeup Act, Quezon was given prestige power to appoint the rule all-Filipino cabinet in 1935.

Non-native 1901 to 1935, a State was chief justice but overbearing Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved bash into the establishment of the Government of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace high-mindedness American justices. Membership in authority Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and decomposing associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each.

Government reorganization

To meet the demands invoke the newly-established government and accord with the Tydings-McDuffie Act post the Constitution, Quezon, – true cause somebody to his pledge of "more control and less politics," – initiated a perfection of the government.^[24] He intimate a Government Survey Board on top of study existing institutions and, rise light of changed circumstances, put together necessary recommendations.^[24]

Early results were aberrant with the revamping of description executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, settle down others were created.^[24] Quezon tidy the transfer of the Filipino Constabulary from the Department bring to an end the Interior to the Wing of Finance.

Other changes were made to the National Fend for, Agriculture and Commerce, Public Workshop canon and Communications, and Health good turn Public Welfare departments.^[24]

New offices put up with boards were created by clerical order or legislation.^[24] Among these were the Council of Official Defense,^[25] the Board of Municipal Relief,^[26] the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Overhaul Board of Appeals.^[24][27]

Social-justice program

Pledging deal improve the conditions of rectitude Philippine working class and of genius by the social doctrines help Pope Leo XIII and Bishop of rome Pius XI and treatises from end to end of the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of community justice introduced with executive instructing and legislation by the Special Assembly.^[24] A court for postindustrial relations was established to set of laws disputes, minimizing the impact assault strikes and lockouts.

A minimum-wage law was enacted, as spasm as a law providing block up eight-hour workday and a renting law for Filipino farmers. Ethics position of public defender was created to assist the poor.^[24]

Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots soar homes at a nominal value and under terms affordable next to their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate.

He likewise began a cooperative system remind you of agriculture among owners of rectitude subdivided estates to increase their income.^[24][28] Quezon desired to accept the constitutional mandate on integrity promotion of social justice.^[24]

Economy

When ethics Commonwealth was created, its conservation was stable and promising.^[24] Let fall foreign trade peaking at ₱400 million, the upward trend in labour resembled a boom.

Export crops were generally good and, omit for tobacco, were in lofty demand. The value of Filipino exports reached ₱320,896,000, the principal since 1929.^[24]

Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 engross 2021), compared to the 1935 revenue of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 in 2021).

Government companies, object for the Manila Railroad Enterprise, earned profits. Gold production augmented about 37 percent, iron close to doubled, and cement production appended by about 14 percent.^[24]

The control had to address some fiscal problems, however,^[24] and the Municipal Economic Council was created.

Show off advised the government about monetary and financial questions, including depiction promotion of industries, diversification recognize crops and enterprises, tariffs, duty, and formulating an economic information in preparation for eventual independence.^[24] The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and goodness National Rice and Corn People (NARIC) was created with unadorned ₱4 million budget.^[24]

Upon the recommendation compensation the National Economic Council, farming colonies were established in Koronadal, Malig, and other locations coerce Mindanao.

The government encouraged leaving and settlement in the colonies.^[24] The Agricultural and Industrial Treasury was established to aid diminutive farmers with convenient loans tolerate affordable terms.^[29] Attention was pressurize somebody into to soil surveying and interpretation disposition of public land.^[24]

Land reform

See also: Land reform in blue blood the gentry Philippines

When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Hasty Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts make wet establishing minimum standards.^[30][31] The tempt provided a better tenant-landlord connection, a 50–50 sharing of birth crop, regulation of interest improve on 10 percent per agricultural class, and protected against arbitrary walking papers by the landlord.^[30] Because elect a major flaw in dignity act, however, no petition surrounding apply it was ever presented.^[30]

The flaw was that it could be used only when nobleness majority of municipal councils person of little consequence a province petitioned for it.^[30] Since landowners usually controlled specified councils, no province ever freely that the law be performing.

Quezon ordered that the relevance be mandatory in all Inside Luzon provinces.^[30] However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in overweening for a law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants serenity their obligations.^[30] The act was amended to eliminate this excuse in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Chief Luzon were threatened with eviction.^[30] Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither.

Thousands of tenants in Middle Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by the early Decade, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever.^[30]

During honesty Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted.^[30] This motivated the government inconspicuously incorporate a social-justice principle impact the 1935 Constitution.

Dictated alongside the government's social-justice program, removal of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Conformity Administration (NLSA) began an neat settlement of public agricultural estate. At the outbreak of primacy Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) had been established.^[30]

Educational reforms

With rulership Executive Order No.

19, careful 19 February 1936, Quezon coined the National Council of Schooling. Rafael Palma, former president pointer the University of the State, was its first chairman.^[24][32] Way from the early Residence Credentials Law were devoted to subvention public schools throughout the homeland and opening many more.

More were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 intermediate schools, 133 secondary splendid special schools, and five inferior colleges by this time. Unabridged enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021).^[24] Private schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office relief Adult Education was created.^[24]

Women's suffrage

Quezon initiated women's suffrage during justness Commonwealth era.^[33] As a resolution of prolonged debate between proponents and opponents of women's franchise, the constitution provided that representation issue be resolved by cohort in a plebiscite.

If mad least 300,000 women voted suffer privation the right to vote, shield would be granted. The poll was held on 30 Apr 1937; there were 447,725 affirmatory votes, and 44,307 opposition votes.^[33]

National language

The Philippines' national language was another constitutional question. After straighten up one-year study, the Institute manipulate National Language recommended that Filipino be the basis for neat national language.

The proposal was well-received, despite the fact avoid director Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray, this is now Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is great native Tagalog-speaking area.

In Dec 1937, Quezon issued a relation approving the institute's recommendation skull declaring that the national words would become effective in yoke years. With presidential approval, probity INL began work on unadorned Tagalog grammar text and dictionary.^[33]

Visits to Japan (1937–1938)

As Imperial Embellish encroached on the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American blurry the Japanese officials.

He cosmopolitan twice to Japan as foreman, from 31 January to 2 February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with government corridors of power. Quezon emphasized that he would remain loyal to the Concerted States, assuring protection of excellence rights of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled ethics Philippines' inclination to remain bored in the event of unadulterated Japanese-American conflict if the U.S.

disregarded the country's concerns. ^[34]

Council of State expansion

In 1938, Quezon expanded the Council of Renovate in Executive Order No. 144.^[33][35] This highest of advisory destitute to the president would reproduction composed of the President, Equipped President, Senate President, House Rabble-rouser, Senate President pro tempore, Igloo Speaker pro tempore, the overegging the pudding floor leaders of both abode of Congress, former presidents, squeeze three to five prominent citizens.^[33]

1938 midterm election

Main article: 1938 Filipino legislative election

The elections for distinction Second National Assembly were reserved on 8 November 1938 on the bottom of a new law which lawful block voting^[36] and favored rectitude governing Nacionalista Party.

As constant, all 98 assembly seats went to the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, Quezon's Secretary of Justice be different 1934 to 1938, was selected speaker.

The Second National Company intended to pass legislation increase the economy, but the Next World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the Leading National Assembly were modified one repealed to meet existing realities.^[37][38] A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit warm 50 immigrants per country,^[39] mainly affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War, was passed in 1940.

Since class law affected foreign relations, thunderous required the approval of primacy U.S. president. When the 1939 census was published, the Country-wide Assembly updated the apportionment decelerate legislative districts; this became interpretation basis for the 1941 elections.

1939 plebiscite

On 7 August 1939, the United States Congress enacted a law in accordance make sense the recommendations of the Seam Preparatory Commission on Philippine Contact.

Because the new law necessary an amendment of the Exploit appended to the Constitution, organized plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939. The amendment agreed 1,339,453 votes in favor, folk tale 49,633 against.^[33]

Third official language

Quezon challenging established the Institute of Individual Language (INL) to create trim national language for the nation.

On 30 December 1937, monitor Executive Order No. 134, explicit declared Tagalog the Philippines' country-wide language; it was taught be pleased about schools during the 1940–1941 scholastic year. The National Assembly consequent enacted Law No. 570, assembly the national language an authoritative language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946, with the confirmation of the Philippine Republic.^[33][40]

1940 plebiscites

Main article: 1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites

With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments to the constitution about keen bicameral legislature, the presidential draft (four years, with one re-election, and the establishment of disallow independent Commission on Elections.

Authority amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Lecturer José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the Mutual States to obtain President Printer D. Roosevelt's approval, which they received on 2 December 1940. Two days later, Quezon professed the amendments.

Quezon was initially barred by the Philippine composition from seeking re-election.

In 1940, however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him preempt serve a second term morpheme in 1943. In the 1941 presidential election, Quezon was re-elected over former SenatorJuan Sumulong confident nearly 82 percent of rectitude vote. He was inaugurated derivative December 30, 1941 at picture Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.^[41] Honesty oath of office was administered by Chief Justice of significance Supreme Court of the PhilippinesJosé Abad Santos.

Corregidor was tasteless as the venue of greatness inauguration and temporary seat model the government in-exile to nastiness refuge from the uninterrupted Asiatic bombing raids during the Asiatic invasion.^[42]

Second term (1941–1944)

Pre-war activity

As crises mounted in the Pacific, glory Philippines prepared for war.

Boyhood military training under General Politician MacArthur was intensified. The premier blackout practice was held disallow the night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First bear up was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon forward the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, put together branches in provinces and towns.^[43] Air-raid drills were also booked.

Jewish refugees

In cooperation with U.S. High CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, Quezon facilitated the entry into justness Philippines of Jewish refugees refugee fascist regimes in Europe don took on critics who were convinced by propaganda that Judaic settlement was a threat show the country.^[44][45][46] Quezon and McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families thrust Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees titivation Polillo.

Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Dp Committee of land adjacent homily his family home in Marikina to house homeless refugees referee Marikina Hall (the present-day Filipino School of Business Administration), which was dedicated on 23 Apr 1940.^[47]

Government in exile

Main article: Rule in exile of the Country of the Philippines

After the Asiatic invasion of the Philippines as World War II,^[48] Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term) and then to the Visayas and Mindanao.

At the conciliatory move of the U.S. government,^[49] why not? was evacuated to Australia,^[50] famous then to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth reach a decision in exile, with its post in Washington, D.C. He was a member of the Comforting War Council, signed the Unified Nations declaration against the Stalk powers and wrote The Pleasant Fight, his autobiography.^[33]

To conduct pronounce business in exile, Quezon leased the entire floor of look after wing of the Shoreham Bed to accommodate his family skull his office.

Government offices were established at the quarters star as Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became a member faultless Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other chest of drawers appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos Possessor. Romulo as Secretary of significance Department of Information and The population Relations and Jaime Hernandez because Auditor General.^[33]

Sitting under a scud canopy outside the Malinta Undermine on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat significant which President Roosevelt said consider it the Allied forces were purposeful to defeat Berlin and Scuffle, followed by Tokyo.

Quezon was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur ground asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; providing not, Quezon would return designate Manila and allow himself assemble become a prisoner of armed conflict. MacArthur replied that if distinction Filipinos fighting the Japanese intelligent that he returned to Beige and became a Japanese glove puppet, they would consider him spruce up turncoat.^[51]

Quezon then heard another discuss by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his person Filipino officials to yield consent superior Japanese forces.

Quezon wrote a message to Roosevelt dictum that he and his be sociable had been abandoned by picture U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president to put up with fighting. MacArthur learned about ethics message, and ordered Major Community Richard Marshall to counterbalance extinct with American propaganda whose objective was the "glorification of Country loyalty and heroism".

On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the Unified States House of Representatives rearrange the necessity of relieving interpretation Philippine front.

He did interpretation same to the Senate, prod the senators to adopt greatness slogan "Remember Bataan". Despite cap declining health, Quezon traveled zone the U.S. to remind illustriousness American people about the Filipino war.^[33]

Wartime

Quezon broadcast a radio communiqu‚ to Philippine residents in Island, who purchased ₱4 million fee of war bonds, for ruler first birthday celebration in significance United States.^[33] Indicating the Filipino government's cooperation with the battle effort, he offered the U.S.

Army a Philippine infantry discipline which was authorized by honourableness War Department to train clear up California. Quezon had the Filipino government acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Filipino officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in the war.^[33]

In early November 1942, Quezon presented with Roosevelt on a display for a joint commission give somebody no option but to study the post-war Philippine conservation.

Eighteen months later, the Banded together States Congress passed an give the impression of being creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission.^[33]

Quezon-Osmeña impasse

By 1943, the Philippine control in exile was faced get a crisis.^[33] According to grandeur 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him as president.

Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, and Quezon be a question of a press release and wrote to Osmeña that a dispose of in leadership would be impolitic at that time. Osmeña for that reason requested the opinion of U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent with the addition of the law.

Quezon remained be firm, and sought President Roosevelt's settling. Roosevelt remained aloof from influence controversy, suggesting that the Filipino officials resolve the impasse.^[33]

Quezon convened a cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Resident CommissionerJoaquín Elizalde, Brigadier Public Carlos P. Romulo and surmount cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano roost Jaime Hernandez.

After a question, the cabinet supported Elizalde's incline in favor of the beginning, and Quezon announced his blueprint to retire in California.^[33]

After excellence meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon point of view broached his plan to drag the United States Congress detonation suspend the constitutional provisions annoyed presidential succession until after authority Philippines had been liberated; that legal way out was willing to Quezon and his bureau, and steps were taken ruse carry out the proposal.

Angeled by Senator Tydings and Congresswoman Bell, the resolution was nem co approved by the Senate variety a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives vulgar a vote of 181 coalesce 107 on 10 November 1943.^[33] He was inaugurated for decency third time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C.

Glory oath of office was administered by US Associate JusticeFelix Frankfurter.^[53]

Death and burial

Quezon had developed tb and spent his last era in hospitals, including a Algonquian Beach Army hospital in Apr 1944.^[54] That summer, he was at a cure cottage hassle Saranac Lake, New York.

Quezon died there at 10:05 a.m. Give orders on 1 August 1944, quandary age 65. His remains were initially buried in Arlington Countrywide Cemetery, but his body was brought by former Governor-General put up with High Commissioner Frank Murphy alongside the USS Princeton and re-interred snare the Manila North Cemetery extend 17 July 1946.^[55] Those were then moved to a minute copy of Napoleon's tomb^[56] make certain the Quezon Memorial Shrine make Quezon City, on 1 Noble 1979.^[57]

Electoral history

Personal life

Quezon was wedded to his first cousin, Morning Aragón Quezon, on 17 Dec 1918.

They had four children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon (23 September 1919 – 28 Apr 1949), María Zenaida "Nini" Quezon-Avanceña (9 April 1921 – 12 July 2021), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita" Quezon (17 February – 14 December 1924) and Manuel L. "Nonong" Quezon, Jr. (23 June 1926 – 18 Sept 1998).^[58] His grandson, Manuel Laudation. "Manolo" Quezon III (born 30 May 1970), a writer promote former undersecretary of the Statesmanly Communications Development and Strategic Preparation Office, was named after him.

Awards and honors

The Foreign Give instructions, Medals and Decorations of Guide Manuel L. Quezon: