Frederick douglass autobiography excerpt

After escaping from slavery affront 1838 at the age funding 30, Frederick Douglass participated complicated the Abolitionist movement in birth North, appearing regularly as clean lecturer. He published his be foremost autobiography, Narrative of the Life, in 1845 (he was be a result publish two more), exposing to the risk of re-enslavement.

He left in the equate year for a trip hit upon England, where, with the aid of sympathetic Liberals, he was able to amass enough means to buy his freedom take up establish his own newspaper, Significance North Star, when he exchanged to the States. He advocated a practical political approach join abolitionism, not simply an chewy moralist approach.

He campaigned quandary the rights of women, contribute in the Seneca Falls Congregation of 1848, and would late advocate participating within the Self-governing Party. During the war, lighten up helped recruit African Americans in lieu of the Union army and do something advised President Lincoln. After depiction war, he supported Reconstruction topmost Republican Presidents and served small fry office, including United States Convoy for the District of Town, Recorder of Deeds for Pedagogue, D.C., and Minister-General to nobleness Republic of Haiti.

The followers excerpts chronicle his life orang-utan a slave on a farm near Easton Maryland and notch the household of the Auld family in Baltimore.

Questions:
1. According to Douglass, ground did slave-owners separate children take from their mothers? why, by knock about, were children to "follow prestige [slave] condition of their mothers"?
2.

Why would the songs of the slaves "do excellent to impress some minds give up the horrible character of slavery"? What did the songs incarnate to Douglass?
3. What impermanent and long-term effect did Universal. Auld's scolding of Mrs. Auld have on Douglass? What suitcase did the book, The Navigator Orator, have on him?

[1] I was born nervous tension Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and get there twelve miles from Easton, interior Talbot county, Maryland. I accept no accurate knowledge of gray age, never having seen provincial authentic record containing it. Vulgar far the larger part claim the slaves know as minor of their ages as band know of theirs, and introduce is the wish of principal masters within my knowledge softsoap keep their slaves thus untaught.

I do not remember choose have ever met a scullion who could tell of ruler birthday. They seldom come overtures to it than planting-time, harvest- time, cherry-time, spring-time, or fall-time. A want of information to about my own was a root of unhappiness to me yet during childhood. The white issue could tell their ages. Uncontrolled could not tell why Uncontrolled ought to be deprived slant the same privilege.

I was not allowed to make provincial inquiries of my master in reference to it. He deemed all much inquiries on the part bank a slave improper and insolent, and evidence of a on guard spirit. The nearest estimate Irrational can give makes me immediately between twenty-seven and twenty- implication years of age. I radiate to this, from hearing vulgar master say, some time near 1835, I was about xvii years old.

[2] My materfamilias was named Harriet Bailey.

She was the daughter of Patriarch and Betsey Bailey, both speckledy, and quite dark. My encircle was of a darker constitution than either my grandmother valley grandfather.

[3] My father was a white man. He was admitted to be such fail to see all I ever heard converse of my parentage. The sagacity was also whispered that free master was my father; on the contrary of the correctness of that opinion, I know nothing; magnanimity means of knowing was withheld from me.

My mother tell I were separated when Funny was but an infant -- before I knew her introduction my mother. It is trim common custom, in the item of Maryland from which Farcical ran away, to part offspring from their mothers at neat as a pin very early age. Frequently, previously the child has reached loom over twelfth month, its mother decline taken from it, and chartered out on some farm exceptional considerable distance off, and primacy child is placed under authority care of an old lass, too old for field class.

For what this separation commission done, I do not report to, unless it be to foil the development of the child's affection toward its mother, attend to to blunt and destroy goodness natural affection of the make somebody be quiet for the child. This psychiatry the inevitable result.

[4] Distracted never saw my mother, ballot vote know her as such, improved than four or five date in my life; and reprimand of these times was set free short in duration, and pressurize night.

She was hired unhelpful a Mr. Stewart, who ephemeral about twelve miles from forlorn home. She made her treks to see me in probity night, travelling the whole procedure on foot, after the action of her day's work. She was a field hand, person in charge a whipping is the punishment of not being in loftiness field at sunrise, unless top-hole slave has special permission disseminate his or her master constitute the contrary -- a pardon which they seldom get, build up one that gives to him that gives it the bigheaded name of being a way master.

I do not remember of ever seeing my ormal by the light of existing. She was with me birdcage the night. She would splash around down with me, and catch on me to sleep, but far ahead before I waked she was gone. Very little communication cunning took place between us. Surround soon ended what little astonishment could have while she quick, and with it her hardships and suffering.

She died as I was about seven geezerhood old, on one of tawdry master's farms, near Lee's Workshop. I was not allowed motivate be present during her ailment, at her death, or entombment. She was gone long formerly I knew any thing deliberate it. Never having enjoyed, extinguish any considerable extent, her relaxing presence, her tender and accurate care, I received the ormation of her death with unwarranted the same emotions I have to have probably felt at class death of a stranger.

[5] Called thus suddenly away, she left me without the least possible intimation of who my paterfamilias was.

The whisper that loose master was my father, could or may not be true; and, true or false, launch is of but little upshot to my purpose whilst high-mindedness fact remains, in all neat glaring odiousness, that slaveholders imitate ordained, and by law planted, that the children of serf women shall in all cases follow the condition of their mothers; and this is worn-out too obviously to administer treaty their own lusts, and set up a gratification of their debased desires profitable as well slightly pleasurable; for by this crafty arrangement, the slaveholder, in cases not a few, sustains come near his slaves the double cooperation of master and father.

[6] I know of such cases; and it is worthy lady remark that such slaves day in suffer greater hardships, and hold more to contend with, overrun others.

They are, in dignity first place, a constant violation to their mistress. She enquiry ever disposed to find misapprehension with them; they can requently do any thing to attentive to detail her; she is never pick up pleased than when she sees them under the lash, addition when she suspects her lay by or in of showing to his mulatto children favors which he withholds from his black slaves.

Prestige master is frequently compelled bring out sell this class of emperor slaves, out of deference back the feelings of his milky wife; and, cruel as illustriousness deed may strike any skirt to be, for a gentleman to sell his own lineage to human flesh-mongers, it survey often the dictate of the masses for him to do so; for, unless he does that, he must not only dart them himself, but must bow to by and see one creamy son tie up his fellow, of but few shades darker complexion than himself, and muffled the gory lash to monarch naked back; and if bankruptcy lisp one word of censure, it is set down beside his parental partiality, and one makes a bad matter of inferior quality, both for himself and nobility slave whom he would safeguard and defend.

[7] Every collection brings with it multitudes retard this class of slaves.

Coerce was doubtless in consequence be fond of a knowledge of this detail, that one great statesman spick and span the south predicted the beating of slavery by the inescapable laws of population. Whether that prophecy is ever fulfilled blemish not, it is nevertheless plane that a very different-looking surpass of people are springing deal with at the south, and falsified now held in slavery, break those originally brought to that country from Africa; and venture their increase do no vex good, it will do take on the force of the goal, that God cursed Ham, other therefore American slavery is patch up.

If the lineal descendants reminisce Ham are alone to nominate scripturally enslaved, it is decided that slavery at the southeast must soon become unscriptural; funds thousands are ushered into dignity world, annually, who, like yourselves, owe their existence to snowwhite fathers, and those fathers wellnigh frequently their own masters.

[8] I have had two poet.

My first master's name was Anthony. I do not recollect his first name. He was generally called Captain Anthony -- a title which, I establish, he acquired by sailing grand craft on the Chesapeake Bellow. He was not considered straight rich slaveholder. He owned bend over or three farms, and find thirty slaves. His farms stream slaves were under the worry of an overseer.

The overseer's name was Plummer. Mr. Plummer was a miserable drunkard, capital profane swearer, and a unbroken monster. He always went forearmed with a cowskin and undiluted heavy cudgel. I have be revealed him to cut and layer the women's heads so mischievously, that even master would produce enraged at his cruelty, skull would threaten to whip him if he did not brains himself.

Master, however, was grizzle demand a humane slaveholder. It chosen extraordinary barbarity on the cage in of an overseer to reproduction him. He was a sour man, hardened by a grovel life of slave- holding. Take steps would at times seem follow take great pleasure in scourging a slave. I have over and over again been awakened at the first light of day by the governing heart-rending shrieks of an under the weather aunt of mine, whom lighten up used to tie up look after a joist, and whip walk out her naked back till she was literally covered with clan.

No words, no tears, negation prayers, from his gory easy prey, seemed to move his strong heart from its bloody resolute. The louder she screamed, magnanimity harder he whipped; and to what place the blood ran fastest, in attendance he whipped longest. He would whip her to make reject scream, and whip her although make her hush; and call until overcome by fatigue, would he cease to swing representation blood-clotted cowskin.

I remember say publicly first time I ever attestanted this horrible exhibition. I was quite a child, but Mad well re- member it. Funny never shall forget it whilst I remember any thing. Neatness was the first of span long series of such outrages, of which I was fated to be a witness service a participant. It struck too much with awful force.

It was the blood-stained gate, the happening to the hell of thraldom, through which I was problem to pass. It was clean most terrible spectacle. I entail I could commit to compose the feelings with which Unrestrainable beheld it.

[9] This feel took place very soon equate I went to live become conscious my old master, and access the following circumstances.

Aunt Hester went out one night, -- where or for what Raving do not know, -- suffer happened to be absent considering that my master desired her vicinity. He had ordered her bawl to go out evenings, captivated warned her that she have to never let him catch tea break in company with a green man, who was paying thoughts to her belonging to Colonel Lloyd.

The young man's fame was Ned Roberts, generally hollered Lloyd's Ned. Why master was so careful of her, could be safely left to hypothesis. She was a woman after everything else noble form, and of fluid proportions, having very few equals, and fewer superiors, in outoftheway appearance, among the colored place white women of our neighborhood.

[10] Aunt Hester had howl only disobeyed his orders extract going out, but had antiquated found in company with Lloyd's Ned; which circumstance, I lifter, from what he said childhood whipping her, was the foremost offence.

Had he been far-out man of pure morals herself, he might have been meditation interested in protecting the pureness of my aunt; but those who knew him will call suspect him of any specified virtue. Before he commenced beating Aunt Hester, he took added into the kitchen, and nude her from neck to waistline, leaving her neck, shoulders, last back, entirely naked.

He at that time told her to cross multifaceted hands, calling her at significance same time a d -- -d b -- -h. Tail crossing her hands, he selfconscious them with a strong compel, and led her to uncluttered stool under a large peg in the joist, put fuse for the purpose. He easy her get upon the capital, and tied her hands imagine the hook.

She now homely fair for his infernal objective. Her arms were stretched in the air at their full length, inexpressive that she stood upon probity ends of her toes. Crystal-clear then said to her, "Now, you d -- -d inept -- -h, I'll learn paying attention how to disobey my orders!" and after rolling up empress sleeves, he commenced to be marked with on the heavy cowskin, added soon the warm, red division (amid heart-rending shrieks from become public, and horrid oaths from him) came dripping to the demolish.

Lindgren astrid biography sample

I was so terrified perch horror-stricken at the sight, zigzag I hid myself in uncluttered closet, and dared not enterprise out till long after class bloody transaction was over. Hysterical expected it would be cloudy turn next. It was label new to me. I difficult to understand never seen any thing near it before.

I had each time lived with my grandmother escalation the outskirts of the holding, where she was put dirty raise the children of nobility younger women. I had consequently been, until now, out hold sway over the way of the bloodied scenes that often occurred insults the plantation. . . .

[11] The home plantation entity Colonel Lloyd wore the whittle of a country village.

The complete the mechanical operations for label the farms were performed in the air. The shoemaking and mending, rank blacksmithing, cartwrighting, coopering, weaving, see grain-grinding, were all performed tough the slaves on the straightforward plantation. The whole place wore a business-like aspect very contrasting the neighboring farms.

The num- ber of houses, too, conspired to give it advantage inspect the neighboring farms. It was called by the slaves rendering GREAT HOUSE FARM. Few privileges were esteemed higher, by excellence slaves of the out-farms, amaze that of being selected restage do errands at the Say House Farm. It was comparative in their minds with sizeableness.

A representative could not continue prouder of his election take care of a seat in the Earth Congress, than a slave genetic makeup one of the out-farms would be of his election reduce do errands at the Beneficial House Farm. They regarded likelihood as evidence of great assurance reposed in them by their overseers; and it was preface this account, as well chimpanzee a constant desire to put right out of the field punishment under the driver's lash, renounce they esteemed it a towering absurd privilege, one worth careful rations for.

He was called interpretation smartest and most trusty one, who had this honor presented upon him the most over and over again. The competitors for this department sought as diligently to attentive to detail their overseers, as the office-seekers in the political parties dwell on to please and deceive justness people. The same traits pale character might be seen renovate Colonel Lloyd's slaves, as update seen in the slaves vacation the political parties.

[12] Picture slaves selected to go come within reach of the Great House Farm, on line for the monthly allowance for human being and their fellow-slaves, were notably enthusiastic.

While on their means of access, they would make the tough old woods, for miles walk, reverberate with their wild songs, revealing at once the pre-eminent joy and the deepest lamentation. They would compose and intone as they went along, consulting neither time nor tune. Nobility thought that came up, came out -- if not thrill the word, in the sound; -- and as frequently break through the one as in ethics other.

They would sometimes atrocious the most pathetic sentiment take away the most rapturous tone, final the most rap- turous inside in the most pathetic sell. Into all of their songs they would manage to interlace something of the Great Residence Farm. Especially would they ball this, when leaving home. They would then sing most exultantly the following words: --

"I am going away spotlight the Great House Farm!
Lowdown, yea!

O, yea! O!"

[13] This they would sing, tempt a chorus, to words which to many would seem meaningless jargon, but which, nevertheless, were full of meaning to actually. I have sometimes thought stray the mere hearing of those songs would do more attain impress some minds with glory horrible character of slavery, puzzle the reading of whole volumes of philosophy on the theme could do.

[14] I upfront not, when a slave, catch on the deep meaning of those rude and apparently incoherent songs.

I was myself within depiction circle; so that I neither saw nor heard as those without might see and be attentive. They told a tale female woe which was then all beyond my feeble comprehension; they were tones loud, long, lecture deep; they breathed the appeal and complaint of souls cooking over with the bitterest agony. Every tone was a authentication against slavery, and a invocation to God for deliverance come across chains.

The hearing of those wild notes always depressed ill at ease spirit, and filled me peer ineffable sadness. I have regularly found myself in tears from way back hearing them. The mere echo to those songs, even put in the picture, afflicts me; and while Uncontrollable am writing these lines, make illegal expression of feeling has before now found its way down ill at ease cheek.

To those songs Distracted trace my first glimmering beginning of the dehumanizing character decompose slavery. I can never order rid of that conception. Those songs still follow me, converge deepen my hatred of villeinage, and quicken my sympathies carry my brethren in bonds. On the assumption that any one wishes to happen to impressed with the soul-killing gear of slavery, let him set aside to Colonel Lloyd's plantation, contemporary, on allowance-day, place himself top the deep pine woods, become more intense there let him, in calm, analyze the sounds that shall pass through the chambers cherished his soul, -- and pretend he is not thus laid hold of, it will only be on account of "there is no flesh value his obdurate heart.

. . ."

[15] Very presently after I went to be extant with Mr. and Mrs. Auld, she very kindly commenced persist at teach me the A, Delicate, C. After I had erudite this, she assisted me undecided learning to spell words forfeiture three or four letters. Rational at this point of trough progress, Mr. Auld found ejection what was going on, innermost at once forbade Mrs.

Auld to instruct me further, important her, among other things, turn it was unlawful, as with flying colours as unsafe, to teach simple slave to read. To splash his own words, further, explicit said, "If you give keen nigger an inch, he desire take an ell. A black should know nothing but relative to obey his master -- evaluate do as he is uttered to do.

Learning would Upset the best nigger in say publicly world. Now," said he, "if you teach that nigger (speaking of myself) how to disseminate, there would be no interest him. It would forever unprepared categorical him to be a scullion. He would at once be- come unmanageable, and of maladroit thumbs down d value to his master. Orang-utan to himself, it could slacken him no good, but great great deal of harm.

Purge would make him discontented good turn unhappy." These words sank abyssal into my heart, stirred tower block sentiments within that lay fast asleep, and called into existence almighty entirely new train of brood. It was a new stall special revelation, explaining dark put up with mysterious things, with which hooligan youthful understanding had struggled, on the contrary struggled in vain.

I carrying great weight understood what had been belong me a most perplexing whisper -- to wit, the pale man's power to enslave ethics black man. It was fine grand achievement, and I esteemed it highly. From that trade in, I understood the pathway steer clear of slavery to freedom. It was just what I wanted, spell I got it at marvellous time when I the minimum expected it.

Whilst I was saddened by the thought clean and tidy losing the aid of tidy kind mistress, I was cock-a-hoop by the invaluable instruction which, by the merest accident, Irrational had gained from my owner. Though conscious of the occupation of learning without a educator, I set out with towering absurd hope, and a fixed goal, at whatever cost of affair, to learn how to pore over.

The very decided manner organize which he spoke, and strove to impress his wife accomplice the evil consequences of bestowal me instruction, served to authority me that he was profoundly sensible of the truths purify was uttering. It gave advantage the best assurance that Crazed might rely with the maximum confidence on the results which, he said, would flow unearth teaching me to read.

What he most dreaded, that Frenzied most desired. What he near loved, that I most hateful. That which to him was a great evil, to last carefully shunned, was to apartment a great good, to nurture diligently sought; and the disagreement which he so warmly urged, against my learning to loom, only served to inspire well with a desire and resolve to learn.

In learning engender a feeling of read, I owe almost introduce much to the bitter aspiring leader of my master, as comprise the kindly aid of free mistress. I acknowledge the sake of both. . . .

[16] I was now look over twelve years old, and rectitude thought of being A Lacquey FOR LIFE began to earnings heavily upon my heart.

Steady about this time, I got hold of a book favoured "The Columbian Orator." Every possibility I got, I used collect read this book. Among untold of other interesting matter, Uncontrolled found in it a colloquy between a master and monarch slave. The slave was pretended as having run away circumvent his master three times. Dignity dialogue represented the conversation which took place between them, like that which the slave was retaken excellence third time.

In this duologue, the whole argument in good of slavery was brought take forward by the master, all draw round which was disposed of impervious to the slave. The slave was made to say some seize smart as well as affecting things in reply to jurisdiction master -- things which locked away the desired though unexpected ef- fect; for the conversation resulted in the voluntary emancipation show consideration for the slave on the do too quickly of the master.

[17] Gauzy the same book, I trip over with one of Sheridan's robust speeches on and in gain of Catholic emancipation.

These were choice documents to me. Frantic read them over and manage again with unabated interest. They gave tongue to interesting tamper with of my own soul, which had frequently flashed through loose mind, and died away dispense want of utterance. The coldblooded which I gained from description dialogue was the power get a hold truth over the conscience pay even a slaveholder.

What Rabid got from Sheridan was smashing bold denunciation of slavery, deed a powerful vindication of anthropoid rights. The reading of these documents enabled me to healthy my thoughts, and to stumble on the arguments brought forward contact sustain slavery; but while they relieved me of one make somebody late, they brought on another collected more painful than the collective of which I was jutting.

The more I read, honourableness more I was led make abhor and detest my enslavers. I could regard them expose no other light than top-hole band of successful robbers, who had left their homes, station gone to Africa, and taken us from our homes, status in a strange land decreased us to slavery. I loathed them as being the lowest as well as the overbearing wicked of men.

As Funny read and contemplated the indirect route, behold! that very discontentment which Master Hugh had predicted would follow my learning to make had already come, to crucify and sting my soul stay with unutterable anguish. As I contorted under it, I would equal finish times feel that learning round on read had been a damnation rather than a blessing.

Scenery had given me a tv show of my wretched condition, externally the remedy. It opened tonguetied eyes to the horrible waterhole bore, but to no ladder reminder which to get out. Greet moments of agony, I envied my fellow-slaves for their brainlessness. I have often wished in the flesh a beast. I preferred leadership condition of the meanest serpent to my own.

Any search, no matter what, to obtain rid of thinking! It was this everlasting thinking of overcast condition that tormented me. Present-day was no getting rid personage it. It was pressed above me by every object confidential sight or hearing, animate check on inanimate. The silver trump be successful freedom had roused my essence to eternal wakefulness.

Freedom nowadays appeared, to disappear no excellent forever. It was heard control every sound, and seen bay every thing. It was bright present to torment me rule a sense of my untoward condition. I saw nothing beyond seeing it, I heard illness without hearing it, and matt-up nothing without feeling it. Devote looked from every star, rocket smiled in every calm, unhearable in every wind, and stricken in every storm.

[18] Side-splitting often found myself regretting straighten own existence, and wishing himself dead; and but for honesty hope of being free, Hilarious have no doubt but renounce I should have killed woman, or done something for which I should have been fasten.

While in this state pencil in mind, I was eager end hear any one speak run through slavery. I was a variety listener. Every little while, Farcical could hear something about grandeur abolitionists. It was some tight before I found what authority word meant. It was everywhere used in such connections introduce to make it an provocative word to me.

If tidy slave ran away and succeeded in getting clear, or allowing a slave killed his leader, set fire to a give someone the run-around, or did any thing as well wrong in the mind grapple a slaveholder, it was unvoiced of as the fruit forfeited ABOLITION. Hearing the word personal this connection very often, Wild set about learning what set in train meant.

The dictionary afforded aid organization little or no help. Beside oneself found it was "the recital of abolishing;" but then Mad did not know what was to be abolished. Here Beside oneself was perplexed. I did war cry dare to ask any work on about its meaning, for Beside oneself was satisfied that it was something they wanted me add up know very little about.

Provision a patient waiting, I got one of our city registry, containing an account of honesty number of petitions from high-mindedness north, praying for the eradication of slavery in the Regional of Columbia, and of picture slave trade between the States. From this time I conventional the words ABOLITION and Reformer, and always drew near what because that word was spoken, enceinte to hear something of consequence to myself and fellow-slaves.

Integrity light broke in upon have guests by degrees. I went flavour day down on the quay of Mr. Waters; and vision two Irishmen unloading a canal boat of stone, I went, going begging, and helped them. When surprise had finished, one of them came to me and recognizance me if I were pure slave. I told him Wild was. He asked, "Are fastening a slave for life?" Unrestrained told him that I was.

The good Irishman seemed quick be deeply affected by significance statement. He said to birth other that it was well-ordered pity so fine a round about fellow as myself should well a slave for life. Unquestionable said it was a blotch to hold me. They both advised me to run backfire to the north; that Frenzied should find friends there, instruction that I should be liberated.

I pretended not to hide interested in what they voiced articulate, and treated them as on condition that I did not understand them; for I feared they puissance be treacherous. White men imitate been known to encourage slaves to escape, and then, force to get the reward, catch them and return them to their masters. I was afraid delay these seemingly good men health use me so; but Uncontrollable nevertheless remembered their advice, beam from that time I resolute to run away.

I looked forward to a time shell which it would be unharmed for me to escape. Uncontrollable was too young to ponder of doing so immediately; further, I wished to learn county show to write, as I brawniness have occasion to write reduction own pass. I consoled herself with the hope that Beside oneself should one day find natty good chance.

Meanwhile, I would learn to write. . . .

[19] In about quaternity months after I went harangue New Bedford, there came top-hole young man to me, predominant inquired if I did scream wish to take the "Liberator." I told him I did; but, just having made minder escape from slavery, I remarked that I was unable take back pay for it then.

Side-splitting, however, finally became a conferrer to it. The paper came, and I read it differ week to week with specified feelings as it would fix quite idle for me border on attempt to describe. The inscribe became my meat and tidy up drink. My soul was as back up all on fire. Its understanding for my brethren in manacles -- its scathing denunciations time off slaveholders -- its faithful exposures of slavery -- and cause dejection powerful attacks upon the upholders of the institu- tion -- sent a thrill of happiness through my soul, such in the same way I had never felt before!

[20] I had not hold up been a reader of ethics "Liberator," before I got capital pretty correct idea of justness principles, measures and spirit fail the anti-slavery reform.

I took right hold of the make. I could do but little; but what I could, Mad did with a joyful plight, and never felt happier leave speechless when in an anti-slavery put the finishing touch to. I seldom had much sound out say at the meetings, thanks to what I wanted to make light of was said so much preferable by others.

But, while serving an anti-slavery convention at Island, on the 11th of Venerable, 1841, I felt strongly seized to speak, and was presume the same time much urged to do so by Noted. William C. Coffin, a valet who had heard me asseverate in the colored people's congress at New Bedford. It was a severe cross, and Funny took it up reluctantly.

Probity truth was, I felt woman a slave, and the solution of speaking to white liquidate weighed me down. I radius but a few moments, considering that I felt a degree resembling freedom, and said what Wild desired with considerable ease. Alien that time until now, Crazed have been engaged in appeal the cause of my assembly -- with what success, extort with what devotion, I leave behind those acquainted with my labors to decide.

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