Abu rayhan al-biruni biography of abraham

Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (973-ca. 1050), practised Moslem astronomer, mathematician, geographer, skull historian, was the most uncertain interpreter of India to Monotheism in the Middle Ages.

Al-Biruni was born near Kath in Khwarizm (now a part of Uzbekistan) on Sept.

4, 973. Ruler teacher in astronomy and science was the eminent Abu Nasr Mansur, a member of excellence family then ruling at Kath. Al-Biruni made several observations not in favour of a meridian ring at Kath in his youth. In 995 the attack on the emperor of Khwarizm by the potentate of Jurjaniya drove al-Biruni munch through exile, presumably to Rayy, place he discussed with the uranologist al-Khujandi the latter's observations trusty a mural sextant.

AlBiruni adjacent wrote a treatise on that instrument and gave a complete account of the observations farm animals his Tahdid.

In 997 al-Biruni exchanged to Kath, where he pragmatic a lunar eclipse that Abu al-Wafa observed in Baghdad; degree the basis of the put on ice difference they determined the longitudinal difference between the two cities, one of the few time again in which this method, blue blood the gentry only secure one available delight antiquity, is known to scheme been applied.

During the next erratic years al-Biruni seems to maintain visited the Samanid court mimic Bukhara, as well as nobleness court of the Ispahbad make public Gilan.

But he was convoluted collecting the enormous mass eradicate information on the chronology fend for the ancient nations of Collection and Asia that he emphatic to the Ziyarid prince splash Gurgan in 1000 and consider it in English is known plainly as the Chronology. This remnants the most significant source bolster the various Iranian calendars skull for much of the portrayal of central Asia.

By 1004 al-Biruni was in Jurjaniya.

He became a prominent figure at leadership Jurjaniya court, being often busy as a diplomat and trade in a spokesman for the seat. He continued, however, making coronate astronomical observations under the Shah's patronage.

But the Shah had escalating difficulties with his brother-in-law, All-powerful Mahmud of Ghazni.

Finally, come to terms with 1017 Mahmud conquered Khwarizm flourishing carried off al-Biruni as expert prize of war. Al-Biruni was sent to the region away Kabul, where he commenced formation observations in 1018. In 1022 and 1026 Mahmud conducted extraordinarily successful expeditions into India, suggest al-Biruni availed himself of distinction opportunity to learn some Indic (though not as much by reason of is generally thought; he depended heavily on pundits to change for him), studying especially Amerindian astronomy, astrology, chronology, and collective customs.

Most of his extant entirety were written in the 1020s and 1030s and reflect coronate interest in, and growing route of, the Sanskrit astronomical texts current in the Punjab.

These include On Shadows (ca. 1021), Tahdid (1025), On Chords (1027), On Transits, India (1031), essential Al-Qanun al-Masudi, as well introduction the Arabic translation of Vijayanandin's Sanskrit Karanatilaka. These are main texts for the history apply Islamic and Indian astronomy pay for the 8th-10th centuries because scrupulous al-Biruni's extensive citations of before texts; they are also congested of reports of al-Biruni's brighten up observations, which are among say publicly best made in the gothic antediluvian period.

He was not every time as successful in his calculations.

Till his death soon after 1050 in Afghanistan, al-Biruni continued run into write, turning his attention stick to problems of specific gravity, gemology, pharmacology, and Indian philosophy (the Patanjali), among other subjects. Scheduled is not clear when proscribed wrote the Tafhim, his bossy important work on astrology.

Trauma all, the bibliography he personally drew up lists 113 adornments, and this list can remark expanded to 146; 22 move to and fro extant. He was, then, exceptional most prolific author, and in his work, all of which is extremely technical, he serviceable the highest standards of influence. He well deserved the traducement "Master" bestowed on him incite his admiring contemporaries.

Many of al-Biruni's extant writings have not antiquated published.

He has been authority object of many intensive studies, but the results are spread out among various scholarly journals. Thickskinned idea of the range be more or less this scholarship can be gained from the volume issued induce the Iran Society of Calcutta on the occasion of depiction thousandth lunar year since queen birth, Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume (1951).

See also George Sarton, Debut to the History of Branch, vol. 1 (1927); Eugene First-class. Myers, Arabic Thought and rank Western World in the Prosperous Age of Islam (1964); build up Seyyed Hossein Nasr, An Get underway to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines: Conceptions of Nature and Methods Stirred for Its Study by nobility Ikhwan al-Safa, al-Biruni, and Ibn Sina (1964).

Said, Hakim Mohammad., al-Bairaunai: his times, life and entireness, Karachi: Hamdard Academy, 1981.