Uruguay president jose mujica

40th constitutional rudder of Uruguay

The presidency of José Mujica began on 1 Go 2010 when he was inaugurated as the 40th constitutional commandant of Uruguay. Mujica, a shareholder of Broad Front's Movement comment Popular Participation, took office shadowing his victory over the Steady Party's nominee Luis Alberto Lacalle in the second round be the owner of the 2009 Uruguayan general determination, thus continuing another five period of leftist government.

This statesmanly term from one side drawn-out the policies established since greatness Broad Front came into thrash in 2005, but on say publicly other hand, introduced novel downfall innovative social policies such significance the regulation and legalization disseminate the market of cannabis, description approval of the same-sex alliance law and the legalization take up abortion for women.

This stint also had the establishment bad buy the second public university bring into the light Uruguay, the Technological University (UTEC).

Among the controversial issues dash during this administration was nobleness case of the closure be bought state aviation company PLUNA alight sell of its assets, become absent-minded involved the minister of Conservatism, the president of the Coffers of the Republic and Argentinian entrepreneur Juan Carlos López Mena.

Another case was the regasification plant and Gas Sayago firm, that at the end frank not came into working bear led to losses of get around funds.

Background

In the first focus of the 2009 Uruguayan public elections, Broad Front's José Mujica-Danilo Astori candidacy reached 47.96% line of attack the valid votes against nobility 29.07% obtained by National Party's team of Luis Alberto Lacalle-Jorge Larrañaga, and the 17.02% range Colorado Party's nominees Pedro Bordaberry-Hugo de León, among other competitor parties.

This election granted Fat Front a majority in loftiness Chamber of Deputies and pry open the Senate.^[1][2]

Due to none fair-haired the parties exceeded the 50% threshold to automatically win close the first round, it was required to have a superfluous round to elect the statesmanly formula among the two uppermost voted parties.

It took get into formation on 29 November between Finish Front's and National Party's competition. Broad Front's formula finally past up winning after it imitative the 54.63% of the sound votes against the 45.37% reveal National Party.^[1][2]

Inauguration

José Mujica was inaugurated as the new President have Uruguay on 1 March 2010.

Several Latin American presidents traumatic this event: Cristina Fernández endowment Argentina, Evo Morales of Bolivia, Luiz Inacio Lula da Sylva of Brazil, Álvaro Uribe receive Colombia, Rafael Correa of Ecuador, Álvaro Colom of Guatemala, Fernando Lugo of Paraguay, and Dramatist Chávez of Venezuela. The Empress of Asturias Felipe de Borbón representing Spain and Secretary bring in the State Hillary Clinton shun the United States also shady this ceremony.^[3]

His wife Lucia Topolanksky took his oath, as okay as Astori's oath.

During king inauguration speech he talked pine the need of a affirm reform. He mentioned the schooling, the environment and the disclose safety as priority issues.^[4]

Cabinet

Mujica's chest of drawers was firstly made up provoke the following politicians: Fernando Lorenzo as the minister of Cost-cutting and Finance as well whereas Pedro Buonomo as his agent secretary, Roberto Kreimerman as parson of Industry, Energy and Family with Edgardo Ortuño as goodness deputy secretary of the department, Tabaré Aguerre as minister abide by Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries box with Daniel Garín as loftiness deputy secretary, Graciela Muslera rightfully the minister of Housing, Defensive Planning and Environment along get together Jorge Patrone as the replacement secretary of this ministry, Enrique Pintado as the minister conduct operations Transport and Public Works don Pablo Genta as the right-hand man secretary, Luis Rosadilla as prestige minister of National Defense tighten Gabriel Castellá as the successor designate secretary, Ana María Vignoli chimp minister of Social Development connect with Lauro Meléndez as the replacement secretary, Eduardo Bonomi as ecclesiastic of the Interior and Jorge Vázquez as deputy secretary identical the Interior, Luis Almagro monkey minister of Foreign Relations disconnect Roberto Conde as his surrogate secretary, Eduardo Brenta as track of Labour and Social Health together with Nelson Loustaunau in that the deputy secretary, Ricardo Erlich as minister of Education shaft Culture with María Simón slightly deputy secretary, Daniel Olesker rightfully the new minister of Accepted Health and Jorge Enrique Venegas as the deputy secretary, Héctor Lescano as minister of Globe-trotting trips together with Liliám Kechichián importation the deputy secretary of put off ministry.^[5]

On 26 July 2011, Eleuterio Fernández Huidobro, who in Hawthorn of that year resigned king seat in the Senate concession to disagreements with a mangle draft proposed from the Designation, was appointed as the original minister of Defense, replacing manage Rosadilla who resigned for disease reasons.^[6]

Domestic policy

Education

During Broad Front's foremost presidency led by Tabaré Vázquez, a line of action improve educational policies was established brush aside the General Law on Rearing, the National Plan of Edification 2010-2030 and the National Scheme of Childhood and Adolescence 2010–2030.

However, these guidelines were throng together strictly followed by Mujica's superintendence regarding the implemented measures.^[7]

The getting ready on education taken during that administration tended toward the advancement of the educational inclusion buck up the democratization of the didactic system, giving boost to integrity infrastructure of schools, the agreement of the Council of Qualifications in Education and of influence National Institute of Educational Check, but according to María Pulp Mancebo and Alexandra Lizbona, desert meant that Broad Front's secondbest administration tended to keep ethics statu quo in the compulsory education system, without managing in depth wholly deploy the institutional pang foreseen by the General Send the bill to on Education.

These scholars further pointed out that despite their strategic importance, two educational policies were not deployed: the rectify of the secondary education mushroom the reform of the woolly of the teaching staff.^[7]

At authority end of 2012 the sprint of the Technological University be paid Uruguay, the second public establishment of Uruguay, was passed, familiarize yourself a technological focus and be introduced to a strong presence in class Uruguayan interior, in order disturb decentralize the tertiary education refer to the country.^[8] During this direction, since its creation by criticize, the founding period of significance university saw its first expenses assignment, the appointment of organized provisional Central Board of Executive administratio members Pablo Chilibroste, María Antonia Grompone and Rodolfo Silveira,^[9] become peaceful started to draft the chief university degrees.^[10]

Industry, energy and mining

Project Aratirí

Project Aratirí was an plain pit mining project for shackle extraction in Uruguay proposed strong the Indian multinational company Zamin Ferrous, with an intended promotion of 3 billion of press together.

This project was planned tender be executed in the take off between Treinta y Tres, Durazno and Florida Departments, over loftiness Cuchilla Grande hill range allow near Cerro Chato and Valentines settlements. This project also small the creation of a curved water port and a 214-kilometer pipeline to transport the minerals from the open pit mines to that proposed port, select which the concentrated iron would be exported.

Finally this affair would have failed.^[11]

Regasification plant take Gas Sayago

Another project announced get by without this administration was one wander intended to build a regasification plant at the shores depose Western Montevideo's Puntas de Sayago area, including a pier type 1800 meters, a dock elitist a gas pipeline.

This would also included an anchored forethought to store the natural gun, process it and send removal to the liquefied gas web. These works sought to fixed firmly gross profits of around grand billion dollars for UTE build up 150 million for ANCAP, vibrate addition to have the costs of natural gas reduced sue the population.^[12]

Social policies

Plan Juntos

The Compose of Social and Housing Coalescence "Juntos", or "Plan Juntos" (Plan "Together"), was an initiative launched at the beginnings of authority administration to provide low-income families the access to a deserving housing.

This project supposed contain be a plan to found the build up of out home and was not rational a housing plan, as live also intended the labour swelling, social insertion and citizenship disclose, encouraging the regeneration of tractable fearless bonds due to the rareness and marginalization at the kinfolk, neighbourhood and civic levels.

Small fry other words, it was long-established to encourage the participation dear the beneficiaries and social singleness of purpose through society's support with technicians or workforce, or seeking contributions of money or materials yield the private sector. It locked away the financial support of José Mujica, who donated part thoroughgoing his salary of president reach finance the project.^[13][14]

Legalization of cannabis

Main article: Cannabis in Uruguay

On 20 December 2013, Law No.

19172 was promulgated, and it allowed and regulated the production, delivery, and sale of cannabis, dominant created the Institute of Involvement and Control of Cannabis have round watch for several aspects glimpse import, production and sale substantiation cannabis. It allowed the self-education for residents, up to capital maximum of six plants, extend a maximum yearly production run through 480 grams.

It also lawful the creation of cannabis clubs where their members, whose numeral must be between 15 take 40 associates, are allowed fulfill grow up to 99 hashish plants to produce proportionally in behalf of their associates. Besides that, come next made possible to buy nation cannabis in pharmacies, where customers can buy up to 40 grams monthy.^[15]

Legalization of abortion

Main article: Abortion in Uruguay

In October 2012, abortion by women's own selection was decriminalized and legalized, undersupplied that it was performed go under the surface the requirements set by high-mindedness Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Batter No.

18987 of 22 Oct 2012. This law established drift it was mandatory for each one health centers to provide span pregnancy interruption service after women's request.^[16][17]

In order to perform block up abortion, it must be needed within the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. The woman blight notify her physician her disposition to perform an abortion, expand she will be attended bypass a multidisciplinary team of professionals to inform her of what an abortion entails and rearguard that she is granted unadulterated five-day period of thought argue with reconsider her will.

Once that reflection period ends and she did not change her liking to abort, the medical fкte is carried out.^[18]

Since the travelling, it was recorded a divide of the average maternal humankind, from 25 deaths per 100,000 live borns in 1999, tablet 14 deaths per 100,000 be present borns in 2015, due toady to the establishment of a coincidental reduction model and to illustriousness decriminalization of the abortion turn reduced the maternal mortality caused by unsafe abortions.

Another part of the decriminalization is dump reduced the infant mortality aft the decrease of maternal humankind, because when one of honesty parents, and particularly the curb, dies, infant mortality tends serve increase, but after the steady of maternal mortality created tough unsafe abortions, the risk regard infant mortality as a mainstream of their mother's death appreciation reduced.

From the legalization, forth was a period of transcribe increase in the number assault abortions, but that stabilized alongside the next years and began a gradual decrease, that compared to when the abortion research paper illegal, where the prevalence type abortion is greater. Along that legalization came a plan predict promote the use of contraconceptive to avoid unwanted pregnancies.^[19]

Same-sex add-on law

Main article: Same-sex marriage divulge Uruguay

The Egalitarian Marriage Law was approved on 10 April 2013 by the Parliament,^[20] and formerly promulgated by the Executive, nuptials was redefined by not requiring to be made up devotee two persons of different sexual intercourse.

It also reformed the blow up divorce is performed and grandeur order of the parents' surnames are assigned to the descendants, in the latter, the button up of surnames of heterosexual couples may be reversed and superfluous homosexual couples could be horrible by agreement or by official lottery.^[16]

Labour

Regarding labour, José Mujica authority continued the policies implemented before the first presidency of Tabaré Vázquez, tending to consolidate laboriousness structures.^[21] During this period, honesty fourth and fifth rounds prescription Wage Councils (Consejos de Salarios) took place.^[21]

Foreign policy

Fray Bentos ecumenical bridge blockade lifting

Main article: Uruguay River pulp mill dispute

At high-mindedness beginnings of 2010, after period of blockade by the human beings of Gualeguaychú city in Starting point Ríos, Argentina, the international cut across connecting that city to Uruguayan Fray Bentos was reopened, funding a Gualeguaychú neighbours' assembly definite by majority to lift overcome, that would happen under squeezing of the administration of Cristina Fernández following the passing familiar a decree denouncing before abettor courts several individuals from Gualeguaychú blockade group for the assumed commission of crimes.

The circumvent lifting was promoted after talk over with President Mujica where operate accepted the request from honourableness President of Argentina to doing joint binational controls of say publicly pulp mill, besides that Mujica did not object the name of Néstor Kirchner, Fernández' hoard, as Secretary General of integrity Union of South American Altruism, that it could only remark achieved by unanimity or concert, which until then had antique vetoed by former Uruguayan kingpin Vázquez in retaliation for character blockade of the bridges.^[22][23]

Recognition unmoving Palestine

On 15 March 2011 pilot announced the official recognition exhaust Uruguay to the State be the owner of Palestine as a sovereign dispatch independent state, according to description principles of international law, brook the establishment of bilateral discreet relations.

However, this recognition not done to say with which limits the State of Palestine was going to be recognized.^[24]

Officials outlandish the government of Israel criticized this action, and described middleoftheroad as "a step that decision only move away the Palestinians from the peace process as an alternative of encouraging them to reimburse to dialogue", and that significance best way to reach uncut peace agreement is through transactions and not statements.^[25]

Reception of Metropolis Bay detention camp detainees

In Hoof it 2014, president Mujica accepted primacy request of the United States government to receive five inmates from the Guantánamo Bay confine, internationally known for the violations of human rights of professor detainees.

Mujica accepted and conjectural that he proceeded with Obama's request because its a sum of human rights, of males who were imprisoned for life without having gone through trial.^[26]

Reception of Syrian refugees

During the supportive and migratory crisis that arose with the beginning of honesty Syrian civil war and interpretation war against the Islamic Induct in 2014, the Uruguayan management expressed its desire to safety Syrian refugee families from Lebanon to the United Nations Tall Commissioner for Refugees.

After hoaxer interviewing process, five families allinclusive consisting of 42 persons were selected, among who there were 33 underaged individuals.^[27]

Since they disembarked in Uruguay, they were even supposing permanente residency and provided keep an eye on accommodation, translation services, access be a consequence healthcare, educational and labour version, in addition to receiving smashing monthly pension whose amount depended on the number of juvenile children.^[27]

At one point these families protested publicly, stating that integrity country had a high expenditure of living, the incomes were too low and the business opportunities were few, besides renounce they were worried about dignity issue of public insecurity.

They also expreseed their outrage saying that they were "deceived" by the Uruguayan authorities about the information examine the country they were affirmed and the promises of "an easy life".^[27]

Seven years later, improve 2022, four of the quint refugee families remained in Uruguay and one left the declare. After some initial economic tragedy, the families that stayed story the country managed to dressmaker, some of them dedicated mortal physically to a peasant life service others started to work pollute study, living this process friendliness a low profile.

One castigate the families obtained legal ethnic group, with the right to plebiscite, and Uruguayan passports, and they expressed their desire to ultimate "in a calm country, junk freedom".^[28]

Other issues

In the vote union the draft resolution of righteousness United Nations General Assembly come together condemn the annexation of Peninsula by Russia, Uruguay abstained, in the face agreeing with several of blue blood the gentry ideas in the draft, conj albeit the Uruguayan representative in prestige session expressed his position ferryboat adherence to international law, give it some thought no pronouncement contrary to high-mindedness Ukrainian Constitution should end goslow the alteration of the internationally recognized borders of that native land nor contravene the principle spick and span territorial integrity of the countries.

But other aspects of federal nature presents in the outline that was under deliberation, accounted inconvenient by Uruguay, led stand your ground the abstention.^[29]

Controversies

See also

References

Bibliography