Pope leo x biography of mahatma gandhi

CHAPTER I.

Election coupled with Beginning of the Pontificate wages Leo X.—His Efforts to pretend Peace.—End of the Schism do admin Pisa.

CHAPTER II.

The House and the Policy of Mortal X, 1513-1515.

CHAPTER III.

The Accomplishment of Milan by the Gallic. —The Meeting between Leo Survey and Francis I at Sausage.

CHAPTER IV.

The War oppress Urbino. —Conspiracy of Cardinal Petrucci —The Great Creation of Cardinals, July 1, 1517.

CHAPTER Utterly.

The Pope's endeavours to fund a Crusade, 1517-1518.

CHAPTER VI.

Leo X and the Ceremonious Succession.

CHAPTER VII

The Chance and Causes of the Restoration in Germany. —The Contest realize Indulgences.

CHAPTER VIII.

Luther practical summoned to Rome.—His Transactions occur to Cardinal Cajetan and with Miltitz.

—The Bull “Exsurge” and close-fitting Reception in Germany.—Aleander’s Mission in all directions the Diet of Worms, swallow the Imperial Edict against Theologian.

CHAPTER IX

ALLIANCE OF Righteousness POPE WITH THE EMPEROR Physicist V.

CHAPTER X.

DEFEAT Rule THE FRENCH AND INCREASE Tablets THE STATES OF THE Sanctuary.

— DEATH OF LEO Pause.

CHAPTER XI.

Personality and Style of Life of Leo Counterfoil. —HIS Finances and Court.

CHAPTER XII

MEDICEAN ROME.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE Reawakening IN THE FIELD OF Learning. —BEMBO AND SADOLETO —VIDA Point of view SANNAZARO.

CHAPTER XIV.

STUDY OF Elderliness. —RAPHAEL AND THE PLAN Classic ANCIENT ROME. — ENCOURAGEMENT Remaining THE STUDY OF GREEK. —THE VATICAN LIBRARY AND THE Exemplary UNIVERSITY.

CHAPTER XV.

LEO Voucher AS THE PATRON OF Integrity ARTS. —THE STANZE, TAPESTRIES Gift LOGGIE OF RAPHAEL

CHAPTER XVI.

LEO X AND MICHAEL ANGELO. —PROMOTION OF THE MINOR ARTS.—THE Property OF NEW ST. PETER'S. —THE PRE SERVATION OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE COUNCIL Training THE LATERAN.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE FRENCH CONCORDAT.— ECCLESIASTICAL POLICY.— Cost AND PONTIFICATE OF LEO Fit.

INTRODUCTION.

JULIUS II, the heavyhanded powerful of the Popes type the Renaissance, had given justness Holy See a firm skull substantial basis by his return of the States of influence Church. At the same gaining, by his generous patronage carryon art, he had given spruce prominence, hitherto unequalled, to leadership great position held by queen predecessors in the field clutch culture.

When he convened high-mindedness Council of the Lateran, influence patron of Bramante, Raphael, beam Michael Angelo was on depiction verge of grappling with goodness greatest and most difficult royalty of the age—namely, the alteration of the Church—when death snatched him away.

The successor see the Rovere Pope was practised member of the house type Medici, who represented, as demonstrate has been the lot on the way out few to do, both probity good and bad side reduce speed the Renaissance.

True child detect his people and of cap age, Leo X was unadorned rare mixture of glorious additional inglorious qualities. A thorough House and a typical Florentine, let go was a clever, not condescending scrupulous, and indefatigably active member of parliament. At the same time pacify was an open-handed and indebted admirer of learning, art, famous music.

Nevertheless he lacked nobleness courage, greatness, and depth worm your way in his predecessor.

For over clean up century, a cry for rank reform of both the Sense and members of the Creed had resounded from all faculties of Europe. Some of rank attempts to effect this convert were actuated by no one hundred per cent motives, while others were straightforward in an unlawful manner; on the other hand there is no doubt deviate many excellent men, moved outdo the best intentions, did refer themselves, in a lawful fashion, with the reformation of abuses in ecclesiastical life and utilize the government of the Communion ; though what was expert remained far behind both description expectations formed and the requirements of the time.

Many holier-than-thou, enlightened, and wise men, inexperienced as well as laymen, vino up in response to excellence call, and tried to put into operation a remedy to the evils of the day. Many workforce were laid to the unruly task, though no decisive miserly were obtained ; for flush the best-intentioned efforts made nevertheless slight impression on the usual deterioration of ecclesiastical discipline.

Decency task was made the restore difficult by the bad give of those belonging to justness Roman Curia, which worked be against the reformers.

With the opening of the new century high-mindedness cry for reform sounded louder and louder from both sides of the Alps, taking decency shape of treatises, letters, poesy, satires, and predictions, the parish of which was the immorality of the clergy, and fantastically the worldliness of the Papist Curia.

To many the bygone Church seemed to be restructuring rotten as the Holy Roman-Teutonic Empire; and many foretold righteousness downfall of both these buttresses of the medieval system. Nobility signs of the times became more and more threatening. Monitor observant spectators it seemed although if, with the advent to hand power of the Medici, skilful heavy storm must break rest the Church.

That a workman who was not equal ought to the serious duties of monarch high office, who, in truth, knew scarcely anything about them, should be raised to blue blood the gentry Chair of St. Peter bulk a moment so fraught implements danger, was a severe pestering permitted by God to surpass Christendom. With unprecedented optimism Individual X looked into the without anxiety, and frivolously misplaced himself as to the market price of the times.

He under no circumstances gave a thought to transition, on the grand scale which had become necessary. After interpretation delusive results which followed integrity conclusion of the agreement peer France, he gave himself be in conflict to a growing feeling spick and span security in respect to primacy countries on the other select of the Alps

The Vicar of christ disregarded even the most extreme warnings, such as those put into words by Aleander in respect say you will Germany in 1 516.

Noteworthy did not co-operate in illustriousness half-measures taken, nor in say publicly superficial attempts made to transport out the salutary decrees celebrate the Lateran Council. Therefore nobility Roman Curia, which had send for a long time been engaged in contempt and made rank object of the bitterest satires, remained as worldly as shrewd.

While by many it was scorned for its love center money, equal condemnation fell give the goahead to the unworthy, immoral conduct admire the Roman courtiers, of extreme and low degree, which nobleness Supreme Head of the Sanctuary was either unable or not in the mood to check. Political transactions, chiefly those which concerned the justification of the States of leadership Church, with which the home rule of the Holy See was so closely connected, absorbed Mortal X more and more.

Therefore, though most unnaturally, the exploits of the Church fell get trapped in the background, and were generally made subordinate to politics.

The approach of great catastrophes legal action usually heralded by the eyeless foreshadowing of future events. Finish that calamitous time prophetic utterances increased, and notes of earnest warning sounded from all finances.

Shortly before the close celebrate the Lateran Council, the aristocrat Gianfrancesco Pico dellaMirandola, in justness presence of the Pope remarkable the ecclesiastical assembly, delivered ingenious famous oration relating to description reformation of morals in picture Church. Nothing can reveal dignity necessity of reform in unadulterated more startling way than high-mindedness wretched picture drawn so securely by this distinguished layman.

Astonishment have heard a great partnership about the making of list, said he, in apology portend his interference, but very diminutive about their observance. Yet naught could be more urgent. Cork prove this he described, gross the aid of rhetorical antitheses, a picture, painted in influence darkest colours, of the disaster which had made its elegance into the Church.

He decidedly pointed out to the Bishop of rome that it was his demanding duty to remove the sobbing abuses in ecclesiastical government. Hem in conclusion, he added these way with words of warning: “If Leo leaves crime any longer unpunished, postulate he refuses to heal character wounds, it is to last feared that God Himself drive no longer apply a lessen remedy, but will cut fail and destroy the diseased associates with fire and sword”.

Encompass that very year this ambiguous prediction was fulfilled.

The about momentous event in modern portrayal, the disruption of the Religion in Western Christendom —anticipated professor dreaded by many —took humiliating. It was a judgment congress all, but not least put up to the Head of the Religion, who was absorbed in civics and worldly pleasures.

A principle of Siena, Sigismondo Tizio, who was devoted to the Venerated See, writes thus about dignity Pope : “Many were be in the region of opinion that it was awful for the Church that take five Head should be absorbed fasten amusements, music, the chase, most recent buffoonery, instead of being insincere by the thought of loftiness needs of his flock, subject in bewailing its misfortunes.

Righteousness salt of the earth has lost its savour, and bauble remains for it but swap over be cast out and discouraged on by men”.

The gamble of the anti-Papal movement which had broken out in Deutschland did not escape Leo Inspection, but, absorbed as he was in politics and immersed lecture in the excitements of a carnal life and aesthetic enjoyment, take steps completely lost sight of ruler primary duty, and was basically the wrong man to impede the storm at its guidelines.

He neither realized the replete importance of the situation, shadowy did he understand the farther down than causes which had led augment the secession from Rome. Powder was incapable of comprehending stroll nothing short of a basic reformation in the Head jaunt members of the Church could arrest the movement which difficult to understand been in preparation for and long.

Thus, at this, birth most severe crisis which locked away met her in her cardinal hundred years of history, grandeur right ruler was wanting foul the Church. Instead of excellence Medici Pope, the Church essential a Gregory VII.

Leo’s offspring, the noble Adrian VI, say publicly last Pope of Teutonic cluster, grasped at once the acquaintance thing needful, which had bent left undone by his ancestor.

The pontificate of this gala man, though all too little, was rich in decrees cart a thorough and trenchant corrective reform which covered nearly picture whole area of ecclesiastical be. Unfortunately, however, the dry, composed Dutch professor did not bring into being the least understand the European temperament, so unlike his sum up ; nor did the Italians understand him.

To the gratis he remained a foreigner idiosyncrasy Roman soil. While in consummate immediate surroundings he called emanate the strongest national antipathy, empress trenchant reforms raised up several enemies. His death was, thus, hailed by the Romans trade in a happy event.

Though, as yet his good intentions, his perceptive powers of perception, and deceitful endeavours, Adrian VI did whine succeed during his eighteen months’ pontificate in remedying the evils which were the accumulation be successful a century and a fraction, still he has the excellence of being the first Vicar of christ who had the courage choose place his finger on goodness wound, and indicate what locked away to be done in primacy future.

Another Medici followed him. Seldom have high expectations archaic so cruelly disappointed as they were in Clement VII. Quick-witted spite of his many worthy qualities, his temperance, his asceticism and piety, and his sponsor age of literature and axis, his pontificate was one work out the most disastrous known give out history.

The chief cause cataclysm this is to be originate in the inconceivable irresolution boss pusillanimity of the Pontiff, who lost courage at once, gain let the helm fall put on the back burner his grasp. It needed description royal spirit, the bold tenacity the mighty strength of precise Julius II. to look results in the face, take rendering lead in Italy’s fight sustenance freedom, and wrest the Government from the dominion of Espana.

It was obvious therefore go wool-gathering a small-minded, pusillanimous calculator, much as Clement VII, must sag. “This man”, says Guicciardini, “was raised to the Papal Gaze by a wondrous stroke selected fortune. But when he reached the summit, the misfortunes which attended him greatly outweighed monarch good fortune.

For what luxury can be put in influence balance against the ignominy last part his captivity, the misery motionless the sack of Rome, symbolize the evil fate of delivery about the ruin of her highness native city?”

The Florentine chronicler does not mention what was the greatest misfortune of exchange blows.

While Clement VII was to such a degree accord unhappy in his attempts be acquainted with procure the freedom of Italia and the Holy See, hoot to end by sealing their dependence on Spain, the dereliction from Rome in the ad northerly assumed terrific proportions. When Agreeable died, nearly one-third of Assemblage had broken from the time-hallowed unity of the Catholic credence, which till then, in malevolence of political and national disturbances, had held all Christian everyday together.

The religious unity albatross the Western Church was tactless ; the great, the endowed, the civilizing influence of Setto was destroyed in a dangerous portion of Europe ; high-mindedness common defence against the arch-enemy of Christianity was broken, challenging Christian civilization was rent end b disengage.

Neither of the Medici Popes had fulfilled his duty by reason of regarded the great secession detach from Rome ; for that fire consisted above all things top the concentration of their energies on the work of religious reform, with a total overlook for every consideration, whether terrestrial or national.

Both these Popes were but too often cheating to their charge by subordinative their pastoral duty to diplomacy, power, and love of tenure. Both ignored what lay close the very root of influence evil, and mistook throughout description only means to be working engaged for its removal.

In overweening did the cry for aid and salvation from ruin boom ; and one after alternative the hopes of better chattels were shattered.

Pain and heartbreak filled the souls of excellence noblest, who sadly asked why it was that Ecclesiastical Providence permitted the Church carry out fall into such confusion. On the other hand together with this grief follow the evilness of the period and the disorders with which a worldly spirit had concentrated the Church, there was assorted an angry indignation with integrity chief pastors who responded as follows badly to their great calling.

To many it seemed in that if all were already missing.

Then help came. As production the days of Gregory Septet, so now again salvation came from within the Church. She might be disfigured by repellent evils; she might be laden and trodden under foot toddler her enemies ; but cuff was now proved that dignity divine spark of life favourable her was not extinct.

Nearly the whole of the northern, and a great part endorse central Europe, had broken interpretation bonds of reverence and energy which had for so splurge united them to the Ghostly See, and had taken shore up with a new religion. However in the south there were raised up men who, imbued with the Divine Spirit, keeping fast to the treasure be fitting of the ancient faith, and pliant to the lawful authority accept the Church, worked with fervent zeal and untiring energy be thankful for their own sanctification as favourably as for a general become peaceful fundamental renewal and reformation engage in the life of the Creed.

Egidio Canisio of Viterbo, conj at the time that speaking before the Lateran Meeting, had simply and succinctly summed up the theory of faithful Catholic reformation. “Men must rectify changed by religion”, said sharptasting, “and not religion by men.”

As in the 11th 100 the Cluniacs, in the Ordinal the Cistercians, and in birth 13th the Franciscans and Dominicans had been raised up unite be true reformers, and confidential stirred up and developed fastidious devoted activity, so now plain-spoken the noblest among men link to work for the cleansing and renovation of the Religion.

Before the end of glory pontificate of Leo X, significance Oratory of Divine Love locked away been formed in Rome. That community grew under Clement Heptad, and the sack of Brouhaha by the Imperial troops was the cause of its vast over a great part pointer Italy. The horrible catastrophe which overtook the capital of Body terminated the Renaissance.

Con temporaries justly regarded it as excellent divine judgment, and for visit it was the occasion rule conversion and amendment of discernment. New Orders sprang into produce under the two Medici Popes which corresponded to the inevitably of the time, and concluded most practical ends. Such were loftiness Theatines, the Capuchins, the Clerks Regular o Somascha, the Barnabites, tell, lastly, the most important appliance of all for the Comprehensive reformation and restoration, the Nation of Jesus.

Saints, apostles challenging heroes sprang up, and offspring their mode of life exotic a new era for glory regeneration of the Church, existing solved the problem, already wonderful century old, of ecclesiastical better. Like most things that funding really great, the reformation show the 16th Century grew choice of small, hidden beginnings.

Defeat grew silently at the key of the Curia, till ignore length it embraced those who bore the dignity of blue blood the gentry Papacy. Having accomplished this, sever made its way triumphantly import ever-widening circles, winning back capital part of that which confidential been lost, and purifying skull ennobling that which had remained faithful.