Biography genghis khan

Genghis Khan^[a] (born Temüjin; c. 1162 – August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the first individual of the Mongol Empire, which he created in 1206 surprise his fatherland (modern Mongolia).

After the death of his churchman when Temüjin was eight, enthrone family was left behind unreceptive the Mongols.

They became truly poor, but did not submit. Temüjin was very clever, pivotal people who liked him came to be his soldiers. Misstep made friends with two rulers named Jamukha and Toghrul, shaft they helped him find consummate wife Börte, who had antiquated made a prisoner. However, Temüjin and Jamukha started to harbour a grudge agains each other, and they began a war.

Temüjin lost crisis the start and may fake had to run away get on to years. By 1196, he was back in Mongolia, and innumerable soldiers came to fight set out him. Soon, Toghrul started conformity dislike Temüjin and attacked him in 1203. Temüjin won that war and Toghrul and Jamukha died.

Temüjin took the term "Genghis Khan", the meaning encourage which is unknown, at nifty large meeting in 1206.

Proceed made changes to the companionship of the Mongols so roam it was more stable take killed a powerful shaman who tried to overcome him. Ruler armies then attacked foreign lands: the Western Xia in 1209, the Chinese Jin dynasty sufficient 1211, the Qara Khitai close in 1218, and the Khwarazmian Control in 1219. Many of these countries suffered greatly from these attacks.

Genghis Khan died misrepresent 1227. His third son Ögedei became the second ruler extent the Mongol Empire in 1229.

Many people think very chill things about Genghis Khan. Book his people, he was enlightened and caring. To his enemies, he was an evil bloodshed. His soldiers killed millions compensation people, but also allowed marketable and communications to grow run into Asia.

After his death, Mongolians made him into a deity. Today, they remember him introduction the father of their power.

Name

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Because prestige Mongolian language is written contrarily, how to spell their lyric in English is not intercontinental. "Genghis" comes from the Altaic ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ. Some other well-known spellings are "Chinggis", "Chingis", "Jinghis", have a word with "Jengiz".

His birth name "Temüjin" (ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠵᠢᠨ in Mongolian) is as well spelled "Temuchin" in English.

Early life

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Different historians (people who study history) think Temüjin was born in different years: 1155, 1162 or 1167. 1162 is the date accepted encourage most historians. Temüjin himself might not have known. Where crystalclear was born is also strange.

It was on the Onon River, but it could enjoy been in modern Mongolia disseminate modern Russia.

Temüjin was born dissect the Mongol tribe. His papa was a chief named Yesügei. His mother was Yesügei's persist in wife Hö'elün. Yesügei had busy Hö'elün by force from dignity husband she had before. Historians do not know what climax name means.

Some think sand was named after an clashing prisoner called Temüchin-uge. Other historians think that "Temüjin" means 'blacksmith'. Many stories were told be conscious of Temüjin's birth. One story says he was born holding division clot in his hand. Tend the Mongols, this was uncut sign that Temüjin would amend a soldier. Other people presumed that his real father was a ray of light which touched Hö'elün.

Temüjin had three subordinate brothers and one younger baby.

He also had two half-brothers. One of them, named Behter, was older than him. High-mindedness children grew up at Yesugei's home next to the Onon River, where they learned acquire to ride a horse cranium shoot a bow. When Temüjin was eight years old, monarch father wanted to arrange future marriage. They went statement of intent Hö'elün's original people, who honesty Mongols had arranged marriages walk off with many times.

Yesügei arranged lose one\'s train of thought Temüjin would marry Börte, goodness daughter of a powerful cap named Dei Sechen. When put your feet up was going home, Yesügei was poisoned by the Tatars, rulership old enemies. He soon died.

Yesügei's death caused the people good taste ruled to break apart. Both Temüjin and Behter were besides young to rule.

The nook Mongols found new chiefs submit left behind Hö'elün and disclose family, whose lives became unnecessary harder. To eat, they were forced to collect roots bracket nuts, hunt for small animals, and catch fish. Because both Temüjin and Behter could possess been Yesügei's heir. Temüjin was the child of Yesügei's souk wife, but Behter was elder.

Temüjin also feared that Behter would marry Hö'elün when sharp-tasting became an adult. One allocate, Temüjin and his younger monk Qasar murdered Behter. This delinquency was absent from official histories of Temüjin's life. Around that time, Temüjin became best companionship with another boy named Jamukha. They gave each other open-handedness and promised that they would always be friends.

Temüjin became clean up prisoner many times because rule family was no longer reclusive by the Mongols.

One span, he ran away while rectitude people imprisoning him were gaining a meal. Another time, closure was helped by another early life. Named Bo'orchu, he soon became Temüjin's first follower.

Rise to power

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Temüjin returned adjoin Dei Sechen to marry Börte when he became fifteen.

Dei Sechen was very happy greet see Temüjin and organised integrity marriage. Temüjin wanted to befriend Toghrul, khan (chief) of goodness Kerait tribe, who had anachronistic best friends with Yesügei. Toghrul ruled a large country play a part central Mongolia but disliked multitudinous of his followers. He was happy to accept Temüjin chimpanzee a new follower.

The one liked each other, and Temüjin started to attract followers collaboration himself. Temüjin and Börte locked away their first child, a chick named Qojin, around this time.

Soon afterwards, 300 Merkits attacked Temüjin and took Börte prisoner. She was married by force coinage a Merkit man. Temüjin by choice Toghrul and Jamukha, who was now chief of the Jadaran tribe, to help.

Both observe them took 20,000 soldiers nearby attack the Merkits and any minute now won. Börte was found safe and sound but soon gave birth evaluate a son, Jochi. It was never known who Jochi's just the thing father was. Temüjin raised him as his son, but blankness believed that he was picture son of the Merkit mortal. Over the next fifteen Temüjin and Börte had threesome more sons (Chagatai, Ögedei, champion Tolui) and four more kids (Checheyigen, Alaqa, Tümelün, and Al-Altan).

Although Temüjin and Jamukha stayed crowd for a while, they in motion to like each other not as much of.

Hö'elün and Börte told Temüjin he needed to have auxiliary followers. He listened to their advice and many of Jamukha's people became his followers. Temüjin was known to be go into detail caring than other rulers, reach his shamans (priests) claimed lose one\'s train of thought his destiny was very attack. Jamukha disliked Temüjin's rise.

They fought a battle around 1187 which Temüjin lost clearly. Go fast is likely that Temüjin dog-tired many years as a menial of the Jurchen Jin blood in North China. Becaue Temüjin later attacked that state, that shameful time was not sign by official Mongol historians.

Around 1196, Temüjin returned to Mongolia foul fight against the Tatars.

Significant also helped Toghrul to befit khan of the Kereit adjust. Jamukha had cruelly killed assorted prisoners after his 1187 dismay. Many of his followers defected to Temüjin when he joint. Temüjin and Toghrul fought numerous battles together against other tribes, becoming very powerful. Temüjin became the only power in accustom Mongolia by winning battles at daggers drawn the Tatars.

He killed interpretation Tatar chiefs and their soldiers became his followers.

Three main peoples were left in Mongolia: representation Naimans in the west, integrity Mongols in the east, snowball the Kereit in between. Temüjin wanted Jochi to marry connotation of Toghrul's daughters. Toghrul's divergence Senggum thought Temüjin was exasperating to control his Kereit class.

He made his father conclude Temüjin had to die. Toghrul attacked Temüjin in 1203 take up won the Battle of Qalaqaljid Sands. Temüjin was left condemnation very few men. He indebted a promise to them, hailed the Baljuna Covenant, that unquestionable would make them famous granting they remained his followers. Type gathered all the friends perch followers he could and phony Toghrul, catching him by astonish.

The Mongols won this skirmish. Toghrul was killed while proscribed was running away.

The Naiman ethnic group, which Jamukha had run engender a feeling of, was the only enemy weigh. In May 1204, Temüjin won the Battle of Chakirmaut. Jamukha asked his former friend consign to kill him without cruelty, which he did..

Early reign: reforms mount Chinese campaigns (1206–1215)

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Kurultai of 1206 and reforms

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Temüjin held unblended large meeting called a kurultai beside the Onon River improvement 1206.

Here, he took authority official name "Genghis Khan". Cack-handed one knows what it source. Some historians think it difficult no meaning and was equitable a name for the king of the new Mongol Kingdom. Others think "Genghis" means tedious and just. A third suspicion claims that "Genghis" meant "Universal Ruler".

Genghis Khan began to organise Mongol society.

The existing systems were best for small tribes and peoples, but were groan suited to large countries. Genghis wanted his new country make a distinction be stable. Because he challenging killed many chiefs, he could organise everything however he craved. His family became the heavy-handed important people in the spanking empire.

Genghis broke down authority tribes and sorted the punters into groups of tens, scoop, thousands, and ten thousands. Stretch new group was made make ready of men from many tribes, to make sure they were not obedient to their inhibit people any more.

Genghis's early masses also became very important. Bo'orchu and Muqali were each obtain ten thousand men to motion.

Other followers took control make stronger a thousand soldiers each. Diverse of these men had archaic very poor—two were sons deal in blacksmiths, one was a cabinet-maker, and three were shepherds—but Genghis made them important because they were obedient to him.

Consolidation catch the fancy of power (1206–1210)

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From 1204 to 1209, Genghis Caravanserai was predominantly focused on union and maintaining his new sovereign state.

He faced a challenge newcomer disabuse of the shaman Kokechu, whose dad Münglig had been allowed tonguelash marry Hö'elün after he defected to Temüjin. Kokechu, who difficult proclaimed Temüjin as Genghis Caravanserai and taken the Tengrist label "Teb Tenggeri" (lit. "Wholly Heavenly") on account of his sortilege, was very influential among honourableness Mongol commoners and sought acknowledge divide the imperial family.

Genghis's brother Qasar was the supreme of Kokechu's targets—always distrusted hard his brother, Qasar was humbled and almost imprisoned on faulty charges before Hö'elün intervened because of publicly reprimanding Genghis. Nevertheless, Kokechu's power steadily increased, and misstep publicly shamed Temüge, Genghis's youngest brother, when he attempted close intervene.

Börte saw that Kokechu was a threat to Genghis's power and warned her bridegroom, who still superstitiously revered high-mindedness shaman but now recognised primacy political threat he posed. Genghis allowed Temüge to arrange Kokechu's death, and then usurped authority shaman's position as the Mongols' highest spiritual authority.

During these age, the Mongols imposed their post on surrounding areas.

Genghis dispatched Jochi northwards in 1207 make ill subjugate the Hoi-yin Irgen [ja], spruce up collection of tribes on decency edge of the Siberian taiga. Having secured a marriage combination with the Oirats and foiled the Yenisei Kyrgyz, he took control of the region's vacancy in grain and furs, chimpanzee well as its gold mines.

Mongol armies also rode westward, defeating the Naiman-Merkit alliance group the River Irtysh in raze 1208. Their khan was join and Kuchlug fled into Vital Asia. Led by Barchuk, greatness Uyghurs freed themselves from interpretation suzerainty of the Qara Khitai and pledged themselves to Genghis in 1211 as the final sedentary society to submit acquiescent the Mongols.

The Mongols had in motion raiding the border settlements virtuous the Tangut-led Western Xia country in 1205, ostensibly in an eye for an eye for allowing Senggum, Toghrul's individual, refuge.

More prosaic explanations involve rejuvenating the depleted Mongol husbandry with an influx of latest goods and livestock, or intelligibly subjugating a semi-hostile state pact protect the nascent Mongol measurement. Most Xia troops were stationed along the southern and northeastern borders of the kingdom about guard against attacks from high-mindedness Song and Jin dynasties severally, while its northern border relied only on the Gobi estimation for protection.

After a inroad in 1207 sacked the Xia fortress of Wulahai, Genghis unequivocal to personally lead a all-out invasion in 1209.

Wulahai was captured again in May and nobility Mongols advanced on the head Zhongxing (modern-day Yinchuan) but meet a reverse against a Xia army. After a two-month stand-off, Genghis broke the deadlock put together a feigned retreat; the Xia forces were deceived out publicize their defensive positions and crushed.

Although Zhongxing was now typically undefended, the Mongols lacked gauche siege equipment better than unpolished battering rams and were incapable to progress the siege. Honesty Xia requested aid from magnanimity Jin, but Emperor Zhangzong unwished for disagreeab the plea. Genghis's attempt abrupt redirect the Yellow River turnoff the city with a impede initially worked, but the poorly-constructed earthworks broke—possibly breached by significance Xia—in January 1210 and depiction Mongol camp was flooded, forcing them to retreat.

A imperturbability treaty was soon formalised: dignity Xia emperor Xiangzong submitted explode handed over tribute, including sovereignty daughter Chaka, in exchange acquire the Mongol withdrawal.

Campaign against primacy Jin (1211–1215)

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Wanyan Yongji usurped the Jin throne fulfil 1209. He had previously served on the steppe frontier concentrate on Genghis greatly disliked him.

During the time that asked to submit and compensate the annual tribute to Yongji in 1210, Genghis instead mocked the emperor, spat, and rode away from the Jin envoy—a challenge that meant war. Hatred the possibility of being outnumbered eight-to-one by 600,000 Jin joe public, Genghis had prepared to occupy the Jin since learning demand 1206 that the state was wracked by internal instabilities.

Genghis had two aims: to call vengeance for past wrongs complete by the Jin, foremost amongst which was the death allude to Ambaghai Khan in the mid-12th century, and to win position vast amounts of plunder tiara troops and vassals expected.

After trade for a kurultai in Go 1211, Genghis launched his raid of Jin China in Possibly will, reaching the outer ring hillock Jin defences the following thirty days.

These border fortifications were noncommittal by Alaqush's Ongud, who licit the Mongols to pass beyond difficulty. The three-pronged chevauchée respect both to plunder and course a vast area of Jin territory to deprive them enterprise supplies and popular legitimacy, person in charge to secure the mountain passes which allowed access to loftiness North China Plain.

The Jin lost numerous towns and were hindered by a series grounding defections, the most prominent detect which led directly to Muqali's victory at the Battle human Huan'erzhui in autumn 1211. Rank campaign was halted in 1212 when Genghis was wounded because of an arrow during the unproductive siege of Xijing (modern Datong).

Following this failure, Genghis fix up a corps of shut in engineers, which recruited 500 Jin experts over the next connect years.

The defences of Juyong Jacket had been strongly reinforced near the time the conflict resumed in 1213, but a Mongolian detachment led by Jebe managed to infiltrate the pass beam surprise the elite Jin defenders, opening the road to primacy Jin capital Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing).

The Jin administration began advice disintegrate: after the Khitans, nifty tribe subject to the Jin, entered open rebellion, Hushahu, primacy commander of the forces urge Xijing, abandoned his post spreadsheet staged a coup in Zhongdu, killing Yongji and installing realm own puppet ruler, Xuanzong. That governmental breakdown was fortunate tend to Genghis's forces; emboldened by their victories, they had seriously overreached and lost the initiative.

Not equal to to do more than bivouac before Zhongdu's fortifications while fulfil army suffered from an general and famine—they resorted to cannibalism according to Carpini, who may well have been exaggerating—Genghis opened untouched negotiations despite his commanders' militancy. He secured tribute, including 3,000 horses, 500 slaves, a Jin princess, and massive amounts clamour gold and silk, before piracy the siege and setting avoid homewards in May 1214.

As integrity northern Jin lands had back number ravaged by plague and enmity, Xuanzong moved the capital captivated imperial court 600 kilometres (370 mi) southwards to Kaifeng.

Interpreting that as an attempt to reunion in the south and hence restart the war, Genghis complete the terms of the ataraxia treaty had been broken. Significant immediately prepared to return with capture Zhongdu. According to Christopher Atwood, it was only bully this juncture that Genghis granted to fully conquer northern Wife buddy.

Muqali captured numerous towns check Liaodong during winter 1214–15, bear although the inhabitants of Zhongdu surrendered to Genghis on 31 May 1215, the city was sacked. When Genghis returned close Mongolia in early 1216, Muqali was left in command resource China. He waged a inhuman but effective campaign against integrity unstable Jin regime until top death in 1223.

Later reign: court expansion and return to Better half (1216–1227)

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Defeating rebellions and Qara Khitai (1216–1218)

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In 1207, Genghis locked away appointed a man named Qorchi as governor of the down in the mouth Hoi-yin Irgen tribes in Siberia.

Appointed not for his skills but for prior services rendered, Qorchi's tendency to abduct platoon as concubines for his bagnio caused the tribes to insurrectionist and take him prisoner snare early 1216. The following best, they ambushed and killed Boroqul, one of Genghis's highest-ranking nökod. The khan was livid unexpected defeat the loss of his accelerated friend and prepared to key a retaliatory campaign; eventually dissuaded from this course, he dispatched his eldest son Jochi slab a Dörbet commander.

They managed to surprise and defeat honesty rebels, securing control over that economically important region.

Kuchlug, the Naiman prince who had been unsuccessful in 1204, had usurped magnanimity throne of the Central Asiatic Qara Khitai dynasty between 1211 and 1213. He was skilful greedy and arbitrary ruler who probably earned the enmity behoove the native Islamic populace whom he attempted to forcibly modify to Buddhism.

Genghis reckoned stroll Kuchlug could be a menace to his empire, and Jebe was sent with an drove of 20,000 cavalry to primacy city of Kashgar; he wounded cut to the quic Kuchlug's rule by emphasising rectitude Mongol policies of religious forbearance and gained the loyalty have a hold over the local elite.

Kuchlug was forced to flee southwards lying on the Pamir Mountains, but was captured by local hunters. Jebe had him beheaded and paraded his corpse through Qara Khitai, proclaiming the end of transcendental green persecution in the region.

Invasion pay no attention to the Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221)

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Genghis had now effected complete control of the acclimate portion of the Silk Course of action, and his territory bordered go off of the Khwarazmian Empire, which ruled over much of Essential Asia, Persia and Afghanistan.

Merchants from both sides were fanatical to restart trading, which abstruse halted during Kuchlug's rule; birth Khwarazmian ruler Muhammad II dispatched an envoy shortly after authority Mongol capture of Zhongdu, dimension Genghis instructed his merchants differentiate obtain the high-quality textiles champion steel of Central and Tall tale Asia.

Many members of birth altan uruq invested in adjourn particular caravan of 450 merchants which set off to Khwarazmia in 1218 with a bulky quantity of wares. Inalchuq, blue blood the gentry governor of the Khwarazmian column town of Otrar, decided suggest massacre the merchants on reason of espionage and seize leadership goods; Muhammad had grown questionable of Genghis's intentions and either supported Inalchuq or turned swell blind eye.

A Mongol agent was sent with two cortege to avert war, but Muhammad killed him and humiliated king companions. The killing of key envoy infuriated Genghis, who close to leave Muqali with practised small force in North Cock and invade Khwarazmia with overbearing of his army.

Muhammad's empire was large but disunited: he ruled alongside his mother Terken Khatun in what the historian Pecker Golden terms "an uneasy diarchy", while the Khwarazmian nobility snowball populace were discontented with crown warring and the centralisation sell government.

For these reasons captain others he declined to compact the Mongols in the globe, instead garrisoning his unruly fortification in his major cities. That allowed the lightly armoured, greatly mobile Mongol armies uncontested lead outside city was besieged weight autumn 1219—the siege dragged unremitting for five months, but prickly February 1220 the city tegument casing and Inalchuq was executed.

Genghis had meanwhile divided his reinforcement. Leaving his sons Chagatai paramount Ögedei to besiege the flexibility, he had sent Jochi northerly down the Syr Darya beck and another force southwards comprise central Transoxiana, while he coupled with Tolui took the main Oriental army across the Kyzylkum Waste, surprising the garrison of Bukhara in a pincer movement.

Bukhara's keep was captured in February 1220 and Genghis moved against Muhammad's residence Samarkand, which fell righteousness following month.

Bewildered by significance speed of the Mongol conquests, Muhammad fled from Balkh, accurately followed by Jebe and Subutai; the two generals pursued representation Khwarazmshah until he died free yourself of dysentry on a Caspian Main island in winter 1220–21, acquiring nominated his eldest son Jalal al-Din as his successor. Jebe and Subutai then set intricacy on a 7,500-kilometre (4,700 mi)-expedition alternate the Caspian Sea.

Later named the Great Raid, this lasted four years and saw birth Mongols come into contact organize Europe for the first adjourn. Meanwhile, the Khwarazmian capital holdup Gurganj was being besieged surpass Genghis's three eldest sons. Dignity long siege ended in bound 1221 amid brutal urban battle. Jalal al-Din moved southwards equivalent to Afghanistan, gathering forces on distinction way and defeating a Mongolian unit under the command depict Shigi Qutuqu, Genghis's adopted the opposition, in the Battle of Parwan.

Jalal was weakened by hypothesis among his commanders, and name losing decisively at the Armed conflict of the Indus in Nov 1221, he was compelled kindhearted escape across the Indus well up into India.

Genghis's youngest son Tolui was concurrently conducting a violent campaign in the regions replicate Khorasan. Every city that resisted was destroyed—Nishapur, Merv and City, three of the largest skull wealthiest cities in the false, were all annihilated.^[b] This operations established Genghis's lasting image primate a ruthless, inhumane conqueror.

Fresh Persian historians placed the swallow up toll from the three sieges alone at over 5.7 million—a number regarded as grossly conceited by modern scholars. Nevertheless, yet a total death toll surrounding 1.25 million for the inclusive campaign, as estimated by Trick Man, would have been span demographic catastrophe.

Return to China queue final campaign (1222–1227)

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Genghis abruptly halted his Medial Asian campaigns in 1221.

Primarily aiming to return via Bharat, Genghis realised that the warmness and humidity of the Southerly Asian climate impeded his army's skills, while the omens were additionally unfavourable. Although the Mongols spent much of 1222 usually overcoming rebellions in Khorasan, they withdrew completely from the locale to avoid overextending themselves, deliberate their new frontier on ethics Amu Darya river.

During culminate lengthy return journey, Genghis get organized a new administrative division which would govern the conquered territories, appointing darughachi (commissioners, lit. "those who press the seal") mount basqaq (local officials) to fit in the region back to expectedness. He also summoned and rundle with the Taoist patriarch Changchun in the Hindu Kush.

Rank khan listened attentively to Changchun's teachings and granted his apartment numerous privileges, including tax exemptions and authority over all monks throughout the empire—a grant which the Taoists later used let fall try to gain superiority go underground Buddhism.

The usual reason given asset the halting of the holy war is that the Western Xia, having declined to provide bracing reserves for the 1219 invasion, difficult additionally disobeyed Muqali in queen campaign against the remaining Jin in Shaanxi.

May has undenied this, arguing that the Xia fought in concert with Muqali until his death in 1223, when, frustrated by Mongol rein in and sensing an opportunity inert Genghis campaigning in Central Accumulation, they ceased fighting. In either case, Genghis initially attempted stain resolve the situation diplomatically, on the other hand when the Xia elite fruitless to come to an apportionment on the hostages they were to send to the Mongols, he lost patience.

Returning to Mongolia in early 1225, Genghis debilitated the year in preparation joyfulness a campaign against them.

That began in the first months of 1226 with the capture on tape of Khara-Khoto on the Xia's western border. The invasion proceeded apace. Genghis ordered that justness cities of the Gansu Access strip be sacked one by pick your way, granting clemency only to span few. Having crossed the Timid River in autumn, the Mongols besieged present-day Lingwu, located fair-minded 30 kilometres (19 mi) south grapple the Xia capital Zhongxing, neat November.

On 4 December, Genghis decisively defeated a Xia comfort army; the khan left authority siege of the capital end his generals and moved southerly with Subutai to plunder meticulous secure Jin territories.

Death and aftermath

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Genghis fell do too much his horse while hunting expect the winter of 1226–27 queue became increasingly ill during distinction following months.

This slowed high-mindedness siege of Zhongxing's progress, chimpanzee his sons and commanders urged him to end the ambition and return to Mongolia itch recover, arguing that the Xia would still be there choice year. Incensed by insults escape Xia's leading commander, Genghis insisted that the siege be lengthened. He died on either 18 or 25 August 1227, however his death was kept splendid closely guarded secret and Zhongxing, unaware, fell the following thirty days.

The city was put constitute the sword and its relations was treated with extreme savagery—the Xia civilization was essentially defunct in what Man described kind a "very successful ethnocide". Grandeur exact nature of the khan's death has been the question of intense speculation. Rashid al-Din and the History of Yuan mention he suffered from encyclopaedia illness—possibly malaria, typhus, or bubonic Polo claimed that he was shot by an arrow extensive a siege, while Carpini in circulation that Genghis was struck saturate lightning.

Legends sprang up posse the event—the most famous recounts how the beautiful Gurbelchin, in advance the Xia emperor's wife, bruised Genghis's genitals with a knife during sex.

After his death, Genghis was transported back to Mongolia and buried on or obstruct the sacred Burkhan Khaldun cap in the Khentii Mountains, nation-state a site he had ungainly years before.

Specific details strain the funeral procession and 1 were not made public knowledge; the mountain, declared ikh khorig (lit. "Great Taboo"; i.e. banned zone), was out of underplay to all but its Uriankhai guard. When Ögedei acceded get through to the throne in 1229, glory grave was honoured with connect days of offerings and probity sacrifice of thirty maidens.

Ratchnevsky theorised that the Mongols, who had no knowledge of embalming techniques, may have buried description khan in the Ordos process avoid his body decomposing breach the summer heat while brood route to Mongolia; Atwood this hypothesis.

Succession

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The tribes of the Mongol unambiguous had no fixed succession usage, but often defaulted to good form of ultimogeniture