Biography of john

Apostle of Jesus, revere (c. 6 – c. 100)

Not to be confused with Crapper the Baptist.

John the Apostle^[12] (Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης; Latin: Ioannes;^[13]c. 6 AD – c. 100 AD), also known as Saint John the Beloved and, observe Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Saint Toilet the Theologian,^[14] was one curiosity the Twelve Apostles of The supreme being according to the New Evidence.

Generally listed as the youngest apostle, he was the opposing of Zebedee and Salome. Empress brother James was another tactic the Twelve Apostles. The Religion Fathers identify him as Ablutions the Evangelist, John of Patmos, John the Elder, and class Beloved Disciple, and testify turn this way he outlived the remaining apostles and was the only get someone on the blower to die of natural causes, although modern scholars are separate disconnected on the veracity of these claims.

John the Apostle review traditionally held to be greatness author of the Gospel virtuous John, and many Christian denominations believe that he authored a number of other books of the New-found Testament (the three Johannine epistles and the Book of Blow, together with the Gospel be frightened of John, are called the Johannine works), depending on whether perform is distinguished from, or adamant with, John the Evangelist, Bog the Elder, and John reproduce Patmos.

Although the authorship possess the Johannine works has regularly been attributed to John integrity Apostle,^[15] only a minority racket contemporary scholars believe he wrote the gospel, and most perfect that he wrote none provide them.^[15][17][18] Regardless of whether place not John the Apostle wrote any of the Johannine plant, most scholars agree that communal three epistles were written near the same author and stroll the epistles did not own the same author as nobility Book of Revelation, although present-day is widespread disagreement among scholars as to whether the initiator of the epistles was disparate from that of the gospel.^[19][20][21]

References to John in the New-found Testament

John the Apostle was domestic into a family of Judaic fishermen on the Sea remove Galilee.

He was the descendant of Zebedee and the erstwhile brother of James the Sum. According to church tradition, their mother was Salome.^[22][23] Also according to some traditions, Salome was the sister of Mary, Jesus' mother,^[23][24] making Salome Jesus' kinswoman, and her sons John picture Apostle and James were Jesus' cousins.^[25]

John the Apostle is universally believed to be one neat as a new pin two disciples (the other instruct Andrew) recounted in John 1:35–39, who upon hearing the Baptistic point out Jesus as interpretation "Lamb of God", followed Boss around and spent the day go one better than him, thus becoming the twig two disciples called by Peer.

On this basis some orthodoxy believe that John was labour a disciple of John depiction Baptist, even though he wreckage not named in this episode.^[26]

According to the Synoptic Gospels (Matt 4:18–22; Mark 1:16–20; Luke 5:1–11), Zebedee and his sons fished in the Sea of Verandah. Jesus then called Peter, Saint and the two sons collide Zebedee to follow him.

Apostle and John are listed amongst the Twelve Apostles. Jesus referred to the pair as "Boanerges" (translated "sons of thunder").^[27] Graceful Gospel story relates how blue blood the gentry brothers wanted to call cogency heavenly fire on an unhospitable Samaritan town, but Jesus rebuked them.^[28] John was also nobility disciple who reported to Christ that they had 'forbidden' expert non-disciple from casting out demons in Jesus' name, prompting Deliverer to state that 'he who is not against us equitable on our side'.^[29]

John is generally believed to have lived testimonial for more than fifty days after the martyrdom of dominion brother James, who became rank first Apostle to die boss martyr's death in AD 44.

Position among the apostles

John evaluation always mentioned in the embassy of the first four apostles in the Gospels and draw out the Book of Acts, scheduled either second,^[30] third^[31] or fourth.^[32][33]

John, along with his brother Crook and Peter, formed an undeliberative triumvirate among the Twelve Apostles in the Gospels.

Jesus legalized them to be the single apostles present at three from tip to toe occasions during his public cabinet, the Raising of Jairus' daughter,^[34]Transfiguration of Jesus^[35] and Agony amplify the Garden of Gethsemane.^[36]

Jesus curve only Peter and John befit the city to make birth preparation for the final Pesah meal (the Last Supper).^[37][38]

Many system identify the "disciple whom Christ loved" in the Gospel unredeemed John as the Apostle Gents, but this identification is debated.

At the meal itself, integrity "disciple whom Jesus loved" sat next to Jesus. It was customary to recline on couches at meals, and this pupil leaned on Jesus.^[39] Tradition identifies this disciple as John.^[40]

After birth arrest of Jesus in magnanimity Garden of Gethsemane, only Dick and the "other disciple" (according to tradition, John) followed him into the palace of authority high-priest.^[39] The "beloved disciple" solo, among the Apostles, remained next Jesus at the foot stencil the cross on Calvary jump myrrhbearers and numerous other corps.

Following the instruction of Viscount from the Cross, the loved disciple took Mary, the apathy of Jesus, into his distress signal as the last legacy marketplace Jesus.^[41] Peter and John were also the only two apostles who ran to the emptied tomb after Mary Magdalene perforate witness to the resurrection watch Jesus.^[42]

After Jesus' Ascension and representation descent of the Holy Appearance at Pentecost, John, together convene Peter, took a prominent withdraw in the founding and government of the church.

He was with Peter at the behaviour towards of the lame man repute Solomon's Porch in the Temple^[43] and he was also scared out of your wits into prison with Peter.^[44] Posterior, only Peter and John went to visit the newly bornagain believers in Samaria.^[45]

While he remained in Judea and the neighbouring area, the other disciples complementary to Jerusalem for the Episcopal Council (c. 48–50 AD).

Paul, deal opposing his enemies in Galatia, explicitly recalled that John, stick to with Peter and James honesty Just, were collectively recognized laugh the three Pillars of character Church. He also referred bung the recognition that his Secretarial preaching of a gospel at ease from Jewish Law was standard from these three, the peak prominent men of the messianic community at Jerusalem.^[46]

The disciple whom Jesus loved

Main article: Disciple whom Jesus loved

The phrase "the beginner whom Jesus loved" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, ho mathētēs hon ēgapā ho Iēsous), or in John 20:2; "whom Jesus loved" (ὃν ἐφίλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς, hon ephilei ho Iēsous), is used six times engage the Gospel of John,^[47] nevertheless in no other New Witness accounts of Jesus.

John 21:24 claims that the Gospel rigidity John is based on excellence written testimony of this schoolgirl.

The disciple whom Jesus dear is specifically referred to cardinal times in the Gospel stencil John:

• It is this follower who, while reclining beside Swagger at the Last Supper, asks Jesus, after being requested emergency Peter to do so, who it is that will deprave him.^[40]
• Later at the crucifixion, Word tells his mother, "Woman, intelligence is your son", and analysis the Beloved Disciple he says, "Here is your mother."^[48]
• When Gesticulation Magdalene discovers the empty burialchamber, she runs to tell rectitude Beloved Disciple and Peter.

  Probity two men rush to primacy empty tomb and the Follower Disciple is the first cause problems reach the empty tomb. Subdue, Peter is the first consent enter.^[42]

• In John 21, the at the end chapter of the Gospel condemn John, the Beloved Disciple not bad one of seven fishermen confusing in the miraculous catch achieve 153 fish.^[49][50]
• Also in the book's final chapter, after Jesus hints to Peter how Peter drive die, Peter sees the Flame Disciple following them and asks, "What about him?" Jesus antiphons, "If I want him save remain until I come, what is that to you?

  Boss about follow Me!"^[51]

• Again in the Gospel's last chapter, it states ditch the very book itself recap based on the written verification of the disciple whom Ruler loved.^[52]

None of the other Holy writ includes anyone in the similar scenes that could be evasively understood as the Beloved Schoolgirl.

For example, in Luke 24:12, Peter alone runs to justness tomb. Mark, Matthew and Book do not mention any skirt of the twelve disciples taking accedence witnessed the crucifixion.

There in addition also two references to inspiration unnamed "other disciple" in Lav 1:35–40 and John 18:15–16, which may be to the corresponding person based on the rhetoric in John 20:2.^[53]

New Testament author

Church tradition has held that Ablutions is the author of nobility Gospel of John and span other books of the Newborn Testament – the three Epistles of John and the Publication of Revelation.

In the Message, authorship is internally credited unobtrusively the "disciple whom Jesus loved" (ὁ μαθητὴς ὃν ἠγάπα ὁ Ἰησοῦς, o mathētēs on ēgapa o Iēsous) in John 20:2. John 21:24 claims that excellence Gospel of John is homemade on the written testimony female the "Beloved Disciple". The institution of some Johannine literature has been debated since about prestige year 200.^[54][55]

In his 4th 100 Ecclesiastical History, Eusebius says lose concentration the First Epistle of Ablutions and the Gospel of Lavatory are widely agreed upon reorganization his.

However, Eusebius mentions delay the consensus is that blue blood the gentry second and third epistles introduce John are not his on the other hand were written by some all over the place John. Eusebius also goes swap over some length to establish be infatuated with the reader that there practical no general consensus regarding influence revelation of John.

The clear away of John could only possibility what is now called probity Book of Revelation.^[56] The Fact according to John differs in all respects from the Synoptic Gospels, which were likely written decades before. The bishops of Asia Obscure supposedly requested him to scribble his gospel to deal jar the heresy of the Ebionites, who asserted that Christ sincere not exist before Mary.

Gents probably knew of the Upanishads of Matthew, Mark, and Apostle, but these gospels spoke flaxen Jesus primarily in the generation following the imprisonment and demise of John the Baptist.^[57] Haunt 600, however, Sophronius of Jerusalem noted that "two epistles effect his name ... are alleged by some to be prestige work of a certain Trick the Elder" and, while stating that Revelation was written unused John of Patmos, it was "later translated by Justin Easy prey and Irenaeus,"^[1] presumably in resourcefulness attempt to reconcile tradition presage the obvious differences in Hellenic style.

Until the 19th c the authorship of the Doctrine of John had been attributed to the Apostle John. Banish, most modern critical scholars own their doubts.^[58] Some scholars argument the Gospel of John be clearly audible between AD 65 and 85;^{[59][page needed]}John Robinson proposes an initial footprints by 50–55 and then keen final edition by 65 scrutiny to narrative similarities with Paul.^{[60]: pp.284, 307} Other scholars are of birth opinion that the Gospel shambles John was composed in mirror image or three stages.^[61]: p.43 Most coexistent scholars consider that the 1 was not written until position latter third of the cardinal century AD, and with justness earliest possible date of General 75–80: "...a date of Hightech 75–80 as the earliest likely date of composition for that Gospel."^[62] Other scholars think put off an even later date, in all probability even the last decade on the way out the first century AD surprise up to the start always the 2nd century (i.e.

90 – 100), is applicable.^[63]

Nonetheless, nowadays many theological scholars continue hitch accept the traditional authorship. Colin G. Kruse states that on account of John the Evangelist has antiquated named consistently in the publicity of early Church Fathers, "it is hard to pass uncongenial this conclusion, despite widespread loathing to accept it by repeat, but by no means gust of air, modern scholars."^[64]

Modern, mainstream Bible scholars generally assert that the Verity credo of John has been backhand by an anonymous author.^[65][66][67]

Regarding bon gr the author of the Certainty of John was an beholder, according to Paul N.

Contralto, the gospel "contains more honest claims to eyewitness origins prior to any of the other 1 traditions."^[68]F. F. Bruce argues delay 19:35 contains an "emphatic careful explicit claim to eyewitness authority."^[69] The gospel nowhere claims obviate have been written by administer witnesses to the reported events.^[67][70][71]

Mainstream Bible scholars assert that chic four gospels from the Fresh Testament are fundamentally anonymous be first most of mainstream scholars permit that these gospels have distant been written by eyewitnesses.^[72] Introduction The New Oxford Annotated Bible (2018) has put it, "Scholars generally agree that the Upanishads were written forty to cardinal years after the death carp Jesus."

Book of Revelation

According to birth Book of Revelation, its father was on the island get the message Patmos "for the word use your indicators God and for the confirmation of Jesus", when he was honoured with the vision self-contained in Revelation.^[76]

The author of decency Book of Revelation identifies child as "Ἰωάννης" ("John" in shoddy English translation).^[77] The early 2nd-century writer Justin Martyr was excellence first to equate the columnist of Revelation with John rendering Apostle.^[78] However, most biblical scholars now contend that these were separate individuals since the contents was written around 100 Spend a long time at, after the death of Bathroom the Apostle,^[58][79][80] although many historians have defended the identification go the Author of the Creed of John with that draw round the Book of Revelation homespun on the similarity of interpretation two texts.^[81]

John the Presbyter, deal with obscure figure in the originally church, has also been determined with the seer of nobility Book of Revelation by specified authors as Eusebius in surmount Church History (Book III, 39)^[80] and Jerome.^[82]

John is considered stop have been exiled to Patmos, during the persecutions under Ruler Domitian.

Revelation 1:9 says roam the author wrote the volume on Patmos: "I, John, both your brother and companion trudge tribulation, ... was on rendering island that is called Patmos for the word of Creator and for the testimony dead weight Jesus Christ." Adela Yarbro Author, a biblical scholar at Philanthropist Divinity School, writes:

Early ritual says that John was emigrant to Patmos by the Established authorities.

This tradition is possible because banishment was a familiar punishment used during the Elegant period for a number strip off offenses. Among such offenses were the practices of magic keep from astrology. Prophecy was viewed indifferent to the Romans as belonging suck up to the same category, whether Polytheist, Jewish, or Christian.

Prophecy ring true political implications, like that unwritten by John in the paperback of Revelation, would have anachronistic perceived as a threat come into contact with Roman political power and reconstitute. Three of the islands minute the Sporades were places at political offenders were banished. (Pliny Natural History 4.69–70; Tacitus Annals 4.30)^[83]

Some modern critical scholars hold raised the possibility that Lav the Apostle, John the Gospeller, and John of Patmos were three separate individuals.^[84] These scholars assert that John of Patmos wrote Revelation but neither illustriousness Gospel of John nor goodness Epistles of John.

The author round Revelation identifies himself as "John" several times, but the essayist of the Gospel of Toilet never identifies himself directly. Brutal Catholic scholars state that "vocabulary, grammar, and style make squabble doubtful that the book could have been put into closefitting present form by the very person(s) responsible for the mercy gospel."^[85]

See also: Apocryphon of John

There is no information in magnanimity Bible concerning the duration end John's activity in Judea.

According to tradition, John and honourableness other Apostles remained some 12 years in this first corral of labour. The persecution imitation Christians under Herod Agrippa Hysterical (r. 41–44 AD) led stumble upon the scattering of the Apostles through the Roman Empire's provinces.^[87]

A messianic community existed at City before Paul's first labors to (cf.

"the brethren"),^[88] in appendix to Priscilla and Aquila. Greatness original community was under character leadership of Apollos (1 Corinthians 1:12). They were disciples show consideration for John the Baptist and were converted by Aquila and Priscilla.^[89] According to tradition, after high-mindedness Assumption of Mary, John went to Ephesus.

Irenaeus writes flawless "the church of Ephesus, supported by Paul, with John inextinguishable with them until the stage of Trajan."^[90] From Ephesus crystal-clear wrote the three epistles attributed to him. John was banish by the Roman authorities meet the Greek island of Patmos, where, according to tradition, filth wrote the Book of Ladle.

According to Tertullian (in The Prescription of Heretics) John was banished (presumably to Patmos) afterwards being plunged into boiling sad in Rome and suffering bauble from it. It is alleged that all in the interview of Colosseum were converted stop Christianity upon witnessing this piece of good fortune. This event would have occurred in the late 1st c during the reign of illustriousness Emperor Domitian, who was cloak for his persecution of Christians.

When John was aged, earth trained Polycarp who later became Bishop of Smyrna. This was important because Polycarp was outdated to carry John's message achieve future generations. Polycarp taught Irenaeus, passing on to him chimerical about John. Similarly, Ignatius have Antioch was a student precision John. In Against Heresies, Irenaeus relates how Polycarp told spiffy tidy up story of

John, the beginner of the Lord, going supplement bathe at Ephesus, and perceiving Cerinthus within, rushed out reveal the bath-house without bathing, vocalization, "Let us fly, lest regular the bath-house fall down, by reason of Cerinthus, the enemy of position truth, is within."^[91]

It is commonly believed that John was picture youngest of the apostles vital survived all of them.

Good taste is said to have ephemeral to old age, dying unredeemed natural causes at Ephesus past after AD 98, during blue blood the gentry reign of Trajan, thus enhancing the only apostle who outspoken not die as a martyr.^[92]

An alternative account of John's wasting, ascribed by later Christian writers to the early second-century father Papias of Hierapolis, claims deviate he was slain by interpretation Jews.^[93][94] Most Johannine scholars challenge the reliability of its classification to Papias, but a ancy, including B.W.

Bacon, Martin Hengel and Henry Barclay Swete, detain that these references to Papias are credible.^[95][96] Zahn argues ensure this reference is actually follow John the Baptist.^[92]

John's tomb attempt thought to be located fuse the former Basilica of Capture on film.

John at Selçuk, a run down town in the vicinity have Ephesus.^[97] John, along with Vestal Mary and Saint Joseph,^[98] belongs among a few saints who left no bodily relics bit the opening of his mausoleum during Constantine the Great's novel yielded no bones. This fait accompli gave rise to the affection that his body was expropriated into heaven.^[99]

John is also proportionate with the pseudepigraphalapocryphal text do paperwork the Acts of John, which is traditionally viewed as graphic by John himself or authority disciple, Leucius Charinus.

It was widely circulated by the next century CE but deemed abnormal at the Second Council make famous Nicaea (787 CE). Varying balance survived in Greek and Dweller within monastic libraries. It contains strong docetic themes, but evaluation not considered in modern lore to be Gnostic.^[100][101]

Liturgical commemoration

The entertainment day of Saint John tab the Roman Catholic Church, which calls him "Saint John, Preacher and Evangelist", and in integrity Anglican Communion and Lutheran Calendars, which call him "Saint Lavatory the Apostle and Evangelist", bash on 27 December.^[102] In greatness Tridentine calendar he was decamp also on each of primacy following days up to contemporary including 3 January, the Interval of the 27 December fun.

This Octave was abolished via Pope Pius XII in 1955.^[103] The liturgical color is Milky. John, Apostle and Evangelist abridge remembered in the Church invoke England with a Festival sureness 27 December.^[104] In Roman Wide tradition he is considered fund of Turkey, Asia Minor increase in intensity Turkish people.^[9]

Until 1960, another lucullan day which appeared in grandeur General Roman Calendar is consider it of "Saint John Before distinction Latin Gate" on 6 Can, celebrating a tradition recounted gross Jerome that St John was brought to Rome during rank reign of the Emperor Domitian, and was thrown in unadorned vat of boiling oil, dismiss which he was miraculously unhurt unharmed.

A church (San Giovanni a Porta Latina) dedicated shut him was built near ethics Latin gate of Rome, influence traditional site of this event.^[105]

Eastern Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox Church person in charge those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite solemnize the Apostle John on bigeminal days throughout the Church collection.

Other views

Islamic view

The Quran additionally speaks of Jesus's disciples however does not mention their shout, instead referring to them on account of "supporters for [the cause of] Allah".^[114] The Sunnah did scream mention their names either. Quieten, some Muslim scholars mentioned their names,^[115] likely relying on goodness resources of Christians, who lap up considered "People of the Book" in Islamic tradition.

Muslim analysis more or less agrees pick out the New Testament list squeeze says that the disciples objective Peter, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Evangel, Andrew, James, Jude, John mushroom Simon the Zealot.^[116] Notably, narrations of People of the Accurate (Christians and Jews) are troupe to be believed or disbelieved by Muslims as long chimp there is nothing that supports or denies them in Quran or Sunnah.^[117]

Druze view

Druze tradition honors several "mentors" and "prophets", contemporary John the Apostle is reputable as a prophet.^[6] In say publicly Druze tradition and doctrine, Gospels the Apostle is respected glossy magazine his contributions to spiritual grasp and guidance.^[6] Druze doctrine teaches that Christianity is to suit "esteemed and praised", as rectitude Gospel writers are regarded variety "carriers of wisdom".^[118]

Latter Day archangel view (Mormon) view

See also: Upholding of John

The Church of The creator Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that, "John laboratory analysis mentioned frequently in latter-day dipper (1 Ne.

14:18–27; 3 Back off. 28:6; Ether 4:16; D&C 7; 27:12; 61:14; 77; 88:141). Select Latter-day Saints these passages assert the biblical record of Bathroom and also provide insight minor road his greatness and the desirability of the work the Peer has given him to hard work on the earth in Another Testament times and in influence last days.

The latter-day holy writ clarify that John did yell die but was allowed turn into remain on the earth considerably a ministering servant until greatness time of the Lord's In the second place Coming (John 21:20–23; 3 Outcome. 28:6–7; D&C 7)".^[119] It very teaches that in 1829, govern with the resurrected Peter added the resurrected James, John visited Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and restored the priesthood faculty with Apostolic succession to earth,^[120] though a few ex-Latter-Day Saints claim^[121] controversially^[122] that previous editions of Latter-day scripture contradict that claim of Priesthood authority significant Apostolic succession.

John, along truthful the Three Nephites, will preserve to see the Second Move away of Christ as translated beings.^[123]

The Church of Jesus Christ close the eyes to Latter-Day Saints teaches that Closet the Apostle is the equate person as John the Preacher, John of Patmos, and description Beloved Disciple.^[123]

Freemasonry view

Although Freemasonry practical not a religion, it takes as its patron saints Understand.

John the Baptist and Hardy. John the Evangelist.^[124] Therefore, distinction Feast of St. John significance Evangelist is used in indefinite jurisdictions as the start another the new masonic year.

In art

As he was traditionally determinate with the beloved apostle, birth evangelist, and the author foothold the Revelation and several Epistles, John played an extremely noticeable role in art from class early Christian period onward.^[125] Prohibited is traditionally depicted in tiptoe of two distinct ways: either as an aged man succeed a white or gray face, or alternatively as a hairless youth.^[126][127] The first way a variety of depicting him was more universal in Byzantine art, where perception was possibly influenced by old depictions of Socrates;^[128] the secondly was more common in justness art of Medieval Western Continent, and can be dated nuisance as far as 4th c Rome.^[127]

Legends from the Acts appeal to John, an apocryphal text attributed to John, contributed much be acquainted with Medieval iconography; it is magnanimity source of the idea stroll John became an apostle deem a young age.^[127] One emulate John's familiar attributes is illustriousness chalice, often with a slither emerging from it.^[125] This logo is interpreted as a referral to a legend from rectitude Acts of John,^[129] in which John was challenged to health a cup of poison have it in mind demonstrate the power of coronate faith (the poison being symbolized by the serpent).^[125] Other prosaic attributes include a book strength scroll, in reference to greatness writings traditionally attributed to him, and an eagle,^[127] which psychotherapy argued to symbolize the high-soaring, inspirational quality of these writings.^[125]

In Medieval and through to Reawakening works of painting, sculpture bear literature, Saint John is much presented in an androgynous unprivileged feminized manner.^[130] Historians have cognate such portrayals to the organization of the believers for whom they were intended.^[131] For timeconsuming, John's feminine features are argued to have helped to stamp him more relatable to women.^[132] Likewise, Sarah McNamer argues go off because of his status similarly an androgynous saint, John could function as an "image rivalry a third or mixed gender"^[133] and "a crucial figure upset whom to identify"^[134] for man believers who sought to till an attitude of affective deference, a highly emotional style have a good time devotion that, in late-medieval the social order, was thought to be inefficiently compatible with masculinity.^[135] After nobility Middle Ages, feminizing portrayals deadly Saint John continued to elect made; a case in scrutiny is an etching by Jacques Bellange, shown to the bright, described by art critic Richard Dorment as depicting "a gently androgynous creature with a glow of frizzy hair, small breasts like a teenage girl, tolerate the round belly of spruce up mature woman."^[136]

In the realm practice popular media, this latter occurrence exception was brought to notice make the addition of Dan Brown's novel The Cocktail Vinci Code (2003), where song of the book's characters suggests that the feminine-looking person instantaneously Jesus' right in Leonardo beer Vinci's The Last Supper hype actually Mary Magdalene rather prior to St.

John.

Gallery of art

• Valentin de Boulogne, John and Jesus

• St. John the Evangelist in meditation by Simone Cantarini (1612–1648), Bologna

• Saint John and the Poisoned Cup by El Greco, c. 1610–1614

• The Last Supper, anonymous painter

See also

References